PTLE flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Purposive communication

The deliberate use of verbal and nonverbal messages to achieve a specific goal with a defined audience, requiring attention to context, channel, feedback, and the receiver's field of experience.

Contrapositive equivalence

The contrapositive of a conditional statement negates and reverses both parts; unlike the converse or inverse, it is always logically equivalent to the original statement.

Inferential comprehension

Reading at the level where meaning is implied rather than stated; the reader draws conclusions using textual clues plus prior knowledge, beyond literal recall of facts.

Fewer versus less

Use fewer with plural countable nouns such as books or students, and less with mass nouns such as water, time, or money; the distinction reflects countability.

Percentage formula

Percentage equals the part divided by the whole, multiplied by one hundred; rearranging gives part equals whole times rate, useful for discount and tax problems.

Photosynthesis energy conversion

Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose, using carbon dioxide and water and releasing oxygen as a by-product of the light reactions.

Subject-verb agreement rule

A verb agrees with its subject, not with nouns in intervening prepositional phrases; singular indefinite pronouns like each, either, and everyone take singular verbs.

Philippine independence date

The Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite on 12 June 1898; the Gomburza execution in 1872 and the 1896 revolution are earlier markers.

Concrete operational stage

Piaget's stage from about seven to eleven years, when children master conservation, classification, and seriation but still struggle with abstract hypothetical reasoning.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's concept naming the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with expert or peer assistance; instruction targets this zone.

Scaffolding

Temporary, graduated support such as prompts, models, or worked examples given to a learner and gradually withdrawn as independent competence develops.

Formative assessment

Ongoing assessment during instruction used to diagnose understanding and adjust teaching; it is low-stakes and feedback-oriented rather than grade-determining.

Summative assessment

Assessment administered at the end of a unit or course to certify achievement against standards, typically graded and reported rather than used for immediate teaching adjustments.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

The ordered cognitive levels Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create; objectives use action verbs to signal the intended level of thinking.

Kohlberg conventional level

The second level of moral reasoning, where judgments are guided by social approval and maintaining law and order rather than by punishment or abstract principles.

Criterion-referenced test

A test that interprets a score by comparing it to a fixed standard or learning objective, not to the performance of other examinees in the group.

Item difficulty index

The proportion of examinees answering an item correctly; values near one indicate an easy item, near zero a hard one, and mid-range items discriminate best.

Constructivism

A learning theory holding that learners actively build knowledge by connecting new information to prior experience, favoring discovery, discussion, and authentic problem solving.

Operant conditioning

Skinner's behaviorist principle that behavior is shaped by consequences: reinforcement increases a response while punishment or extinction decreases it.

RA 10533

The Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013, which institutionalized the K to 12 program, adding kindergarten and senior high school to Philippine basic education.

Communicative competence

Canale and Swain's model comprising grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence; it goes beyond grammar to knowing when and how to use language.

Comprehensible input hypothesis

Krashen's claim that language acquisition occurs when learners receive input slightly beyond their current level, labeled i plus one, and understand the message.

Affective filter

Krashen's construct describing how anxiety, low motivation, and low self-confidence can block learners from using available comprehensible input for acquisition.

Skimming versus scanning

Skimming is rapid reading for general gist or main idea; scanning is searching a text for a specific fact such as a date, name, or number.

Interlingual error

A second-language error caused by transfer or interference from the learner's first language, such as applying native word order to the target language.

Intralingual error

A second-language error arising within the target language itself, typically from overgeneralizing a rule, as in applying regular past-tense endings to irregular verbs.

Analytic rubric

A scoring guide that evaluates separate traits such as content, organization, grammar, and mechanics on individual scales, giving detailed diagnostic feedback to writers.

Holistic rubric

A scoring guide that assigns a single overall score based on the total impression of a piece, faster to apply but less informative about specific strengths and weaknesses.

Theme in literature

The central insight or comment about life that a literary work conveys, expressed as a full statement rather than a single topic word like love or death.

Lesson objective criterion

A well-stated objective names an observable behavior, the conditions of performance, and a measurable criterion such as accuracy level or time limit.

Language acquisition versus learning

Krashen's distinction: acquisition is subconscious, meaning-focused exposure that builds fluency, while learning is conscious rule study that monitors but does not create fluency.

Reader schema activation

Pre-reading activities that call up relevant background knowledge so readers can connect new text to existing concepts, improving comprehension and retention.