Pakistan Army Medical Cadet Route flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Number series rule

In a series, subtract consecutive terms first: a constant difference means an arithmetic progression, a constant quotient means a geometric progression, and a constant second difference indicates a square or quadratic pattern.

Analogy relationship

In A : B :: C : D the same relationship must link both pairs. Common types are part-to-whole, worker-to-tool, cause-to-effect and young-to-adult; fix the first link, then apply it.

Blood relation shortcuts

Standard mappings: grandfather's only son is the father, mother's brother is the maternal uncle, father's sister is the paternal aunt, and the child of any uncle or aunt is a cousin.

Mirror image rule

A vertical mirror exchanges left and right while keeping top and bottom unchanged; a water image reverses this. Letters such as A, H, I, M, O, T, U, V, W, X and Y look unchanged in a vertical mirror.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy gives C6H12O6 + 6O2. It occurs in chloroplasts, with the light reactions in the thylakoid membranes and the Calvin cycle in the stroma.

Universal blood donor

O negative red cells carry neither A nor B antigens nor the RhD antigen, so they can be given to recipients of any ABO and Rh group, while AB positive people are universal recipients.

Enzyme definition

Enzymes are protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of a reaction, are specific to their substrate, and are denatured by high temperature or extreme pH, losing shape and activity.

DNA base pairing

In double-stranded DNA, adenine pairs with thymine through two hydrogen bonds and guanine pairs with cytosine through three; in RNA, uracil replaces thymine.

Mole concept

One mole contains 6.022 x 10^23 particles; moles equal mass divided by molar mass; and one mole of any gas occupies 22.4 litres at standard temperature and pressure.

pH scale

pH equals minus the logarithm of the hydrogen-ion concentration. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral and values above 7 are basic; one pH unit means a tenfold change.

Atomic radius trend

Atomic radius decreases from left to right across a period because nuclear charge grows while the shell number stays the same, and increases down a group as extra shells are added.

Isotope definition

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons, so they share chemical properties but have different mass numbers.

Newton's second law

Force equals mass times acceleration, F = ma. One newton is the force that gives a one-kilogram mass an acceleration of one metre per second squared.

Equations of motion

For constant acceleration: v = u + at, s = ut + 0.5at^2, and v^2 = u^2 + 2as, where u is initial velocity, v final velocity, a acceleration and s displacement.

Ohm's law

At constant temperature the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, so V = IR, with V in volts, I in amperes and R in ohms.

Refractive index

Refractive index n equals the speed of light in vacuum divided by its speed in the medium, and also equals sin i divided by sin r for light crossing the boundary.

Subject-verb agreement

A singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject a plural verb; a prepositional phrase between subject and verb does not change the number of the subject.

Passive voice formation

To change active to passive, make the object the new subject, keep the tense with the correct form of 'be', add the past participle of the main verb, then the agent with 'by'.

Present perfect tense

Formed as has or have plus the past participle, it links a past action to the present. It is not used with finished time markers such as yesterday or last year.

Idiom: once in a blue moon

The idiom means that something happens very rarely. Similarly, 'to burn the midnight oil' means to work late and 'a bolt from the blue' means a complete surprise.

Quadratic formula

For ax^2 + bx + c = 0 with a not equal to zero, the roots are x = (-b +/- sqrt(b^2 - 4ac)) / 2a; the sum of roots is -b/a and the product is c/a.

Speed distance time

Speed equals distance divided by time. To convert kilometres per hour to metres per second multiply by 5/18; for opposite directions add speeds and for the same direction subtract them.

Percentage change formula

Percentage change equals the new value minus the old value, divided by the old value, multiplied by 100; a positive result is an increase and a negative result a decrease.

Circle area and volume

Circle area equals pi times the radius squared and circumference equals 2 pi r; cylinder volume is pi r squared times height and sphere volume is four-thirds pi r cubed.

Big Five traits

The five-factor model describes personality on Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism, remembered as OCEAN; each trait is scored on a continuum.

Fight-or-flight response

A perceived threat triggers the sympathetic nervous system and adrenaline release, raising heart rate, breathing rate and blood glucose while diverting blood to skeletal muscles; the parasympathetic system later restores calm.

Social desirability bias

The tendency to answer personality items so as to appear socially acceptable rather than truthful; inventories counter it with forced-choice items and by flagging contradictory or extreme response patterns.

STAR answer method

A structured way of answering experience questions: describe the Situation, the Task faced, the Action you personally took, and the Result, keeping the answer brief and evidence-based.

Pakistan Defence Day

Observed on 6 September each year to commemorate the 1965 war. The sister service days are Air Force Day on 7 September and Navy Day on 8 September.

Commissioned officer ranks

In the Pakistan Army commissioned ranks ascend Second Lieutenant, Lieutenant, Captain, Major, Lieutenant Colonel, Colonel, Brigadier, Major General, Lieutenant General, and General, who is the four-star Chief of Army Staff.

Group discussion assessment

Assessors rate relevance of content, clarity, listening, building on others' points, cooperation and help in reaching a conclusion; dominating the discussion or blocking others scores negatively.

Leaderless group task

A practical team exercise with no appointed leader; the group must plan, allocate roles and finish within the time limit while assessors score cooperation, initiative, planning and inclusion of quiet members.