ASF Corporal/ASI cheat sheet

Pakistan's provinces and their capitals: Punjab (Lahore), Sindh (Karachi), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Peshawar), Balochistan (Quetta); Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir are administered territories with their own capitals (Gilgit, Muzaffarabad).

Sino-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the flagship corridor of China's Belt and Road Initiative; its anchor is Gwadar Port in Balochistan, connected to Kashgar in Xinjiang.

United Nations: 193 member states; the Security Council has five permanent members with veto power (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States) and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms.

SAARC has eight members (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka); its secretariat is in Kathmandu.

OIC has 57 member states; its secretariat is in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Nobel Prizes: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences; the Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, the others in Stockholm.

Pakistan's national symbols: national animal markhor, national bird chukar, national tree deodar, national flower jasmine, national sport field hockey.

Currency and capitals to keep current: check the latest official exchange-rate and leadership information near the exam date, since these change frequently.

Parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; a word's class depends on its function in the sentence, not on spelling alone.

Active to passive: move the object to subject position, use the correct form of 'be' plus the past participle, and place the original subject after 'by' (optional).

Direct to indirect speech: shift present tense to past, change pronouns to match the reporter's viewpoint, and adjust time and place words (now to then, today to that day, here to there).

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; compound subjects joined by 'and' take a plural verb; 'each', 'every', 'either', 'neither' take singular verbs.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' for specific or previously mentioned nouns and unique items.

Common error pairs: 'affect' (verb) versus 'effect' (noun); 'its' (possessive) versus 'it's' (it is); 'their' versus 'there' versus 'they're'.

Reading comprehension strategy: identify the main idea, locate explicit details, infer unstated meaning from context, and distinguish fact from the writer's opinion.

Synonyms and antonyms are tested by context; confirm the register and part of speech of the target word before choosing an option.

Percentage change = (new value minus old value) divided by old value, multiplied by 100; a 20% increase followed by a 20% decrease leaves the value at 96% of the original.

Profit and loss: profit percent = profit divided by cost price times 100; selling price = cost price times (100 plus profit percent) divided by 100.

Simple interest = principal times rate times time divided by 100; compound amount = principal times (1 plus rate/100) raised to the number of years.

Speed, distance, time: distance = speed times time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18; relative speed adds when moving in opposite directions and subtracts when in the same direction.

Average = sum of values divided by number of values; if every value is increased by k, the average also increases by k.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; divide a total in ratio a:b by using parts of total divided by (a+b).

Work: if A finishes a job in x days and B in y days, together they finish it in xy/(x+y) days.

Area and volume formulas: area of circle = pi times r squared; circumference = 2 times pi times r; volume of cylinder = pi times r squared times height; volume of sphere = 4/3 times pi times r cubed.

Five Pillars of Islam: Shahadah (declaration of faith), Salah (five daily prayers), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan), Zakat (annual alms on wealth above nisab), Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah once in a lifetime if able).

Articles of faith (Iman Mufassal): belief in Allah, His angels, His revealed books, His prophets, the Day of Judgment, and divine decree (qadr).

The Quran has 114 surahs; the longest is Al-Baqarah and the shortest is Al-Kawthar; it was revealed over approximately 23 years.

Pakistan Resolution was passed on 23 March 1940 at the All-India Muslim League session in Lahore, presided over by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Pakistan gained independence on 14 August 1947 under the Indian Independence Act 1947; Jinnah became the first Governor-General and Liaquat Ali Khan the first Prime Minister.

The Objectives Resolution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 12 March 1949; it is the ideological basis of Pakistan's constitutions.

Pakistan has had three constitutions: 1956, 1962 and 1973; the 1973 Constitution is the current one and established a parliamentary federal system.

National heroes and dates: Allama Iqbal's Allahabad Address 1930, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875.

Airside is the movement area beyond security screening (runway, taxiway, apron); landside is the publicly accessible area before screening; the boundary is controlled by access points.

Screening layers typically include passenger and baggage screening, access control to restricted areas, perimeter patrol, CCTV monitoring and vehicle inspection at gates.

Prohibited items categories: weapons and firearms, sharp objects, explosives and incendiaries, and other dangerous goods; rules follow the applicable national civil aviation regulations.

Sterile area: once passengers pass screening they remain in a controlled zone; anyone leaving it must be re-screened before re-entry.

Airport security forces operate under the airport's security programme and coordinate with the civil aviation authority, police and intelligence agencies.

Access control principles: least privilege for passes, colour-coded and zone-specific permits, and immediate cancellation of passes on transfer or termination.

Emergency response sequence at an airport: detect, report, isolate the area, follow the airport emergency plan, and preserve the scene for investigation.

Aviation security terminology: AEP (Airport Emergency Plan), ASF (Airport Security Force), ASC (Airport Security Committee), and NOTAM for airspace or facility notices.

Discipline in uniformed services rests on lawful orders: a subordinate must obey lawful commands and may be held accountable for refusing or exceeding authority.

Minor punishments in service rules commonly include censure, withholding of increments, and recovery of loss; major punishments include dismissal, removal, reduction in rank and compulsory retirement.

Principles of natural justice: no one may be judge in their own cause, and no one may be condemned without a fair hearing (audi alteram partem).

A charge sheet must state specific allegations with dates and facts; the accused is entitled to reply, to examine evidence, and to be heard before a penalty is imposed.

Chain of command: grievances normally proceed from immediate supervisor upward through the established channel; bypassing it without cause can itself be a disciplinary matter.

Custody and arrest rules: an arrested person must be informed of the grounds of arrest and produced before a magistrate within the time limit set by law.

Evidence principles: burden of proof generally lies on the prosecution; doubt in a criminal matter benefits the accused; documentary records must be preserved as official evidence.

Confidentiality: official documents, passwords and operational plans are not to be shared outside authorised channels, whether in person or online.

Components of fitness: cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition; each is trained differently.

Target heart rate zone for aerobic training is roughly 60 to 85 percent of maximum heart rate; maximum heart rate is estimated as 220 minus age.

Progressive overload: fitness improves only when training load is gradually increased; overloading too quickly causes injury and overtraining.

FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type define a training programme and are adjusted for goal and fitness level.

Endurance running pacing: start conservatively, hold an even pace, and reserve a final surge; even splits generally beat fast-start, fade-out running.

Warm-up raises muscle temperature and reduces injury risk; cool-down and stretching aid recovery and reduce stiffness.

Hydration and heat: in hot climates drink before thirst, replace salts, and avoid training in peak heat to reduce heat-stroke risk.

Core strength and correct posture improve load carriage and reduce lower-back strain during marches and standing duties.

Hardware versus software: hardware is the physical equipment (CPU, RAM, storage, peripherals); software is the set of instructions (operating system and applications).

RAM is volatile working memory cleared on shutdown; storage is non-volatile and retains data; file size units run byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte.

Common file extensions: .docx word processing, .xlsx spreadsheet, .pptx presentation, .pdf portable document, .jpg image, .mp3 audio, .mp4 video.

Email etiquette: clear subject line, one topic per message, professional salutation and sign-off, no confidential data in unencrypted mail, and reply-all used sparingly.

Strong password practice: length over complexity, mixed characters, unique per account, changed immediately if compromised, never shared or written in plain view.

Spreadsheet essentials: cell references (relative A1, absolute $A$1), SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, IF, and sorting and filtering to organise records.

Cyber hygiene: verify sender addresses before opening attachments, avoid unknown links, keep software updated, and log off shared terminals.

Official communication formats: memorandum (internal), letter (external), and report (structured with introduction, findings and recommendation).