FPSC TGT flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Quadratic formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0 with a ≠ 0, the roots are x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / 2a, where b² − 4ac is the discriminant that determines the nature of the roots.

Newton's second law of motion

The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass, written F = ma, with force measured in newtons.

Photosynthesis equation

Green plants use light energy trapped by chlorophyll to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

pH scale meaning

pH equals −log₁₀[H⁺]. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral and values above 7 are basic; each unit change means a tenfold change in hydrogen-ion concentration.

Interior angle sum of polygon

The interior angles of any polygon with n sides add up to (n − 2) × 180 degrees, so a quadrilateral totals 360° and a pentagon totals 540°.

Atomic number versus mass number

Atomic number counts protons and fixes an element's identity; mass number counts protons plus neutrons, so isotopes of one element differ only in their neutron numbers.

Speed of light in vacuum

Light travels at about 3 × 10⁸ metres per second in vacuum, a constant denoted c that serves as the upper speed limit in relativity.

Mitosis versus meiosis

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells for growth and repair, whereas meiosis produces four haploid gametes and generates variation through crossing over.

Bloom's revised taxonomy order

Six cognitive levels arranged from lower to higher: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate and Create; teaching objectives are written with verbs matched to each level.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do unaided and what the learner can achieve with guidance from a more capable person.

Formative versus summative assessment

Formative assessment happens during instruction to give feedback and adjust teaching; summative assessment comes at the end to grade achievement against stated objectives.

Piaget's concrete operational stage

Roughly ages 7 to 11, when children master conservation, classification and reversible thinking but still require concrete objects rather than abstract hypotheses.

Thorndike's law of effect

Responses followed by satisfying consequences are strengthened and repeated, while responses followed by unpleasant consequences are weakened, forming a basis of operant conditioning.

Criterion-referenced versus norm-referenced tests

Criterion-referenced tests judge each student against fixed learning standards; norm-referenced tests rank students against the performance of a comparison group.

Kolb's experiential learning cycle

Four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation and active experimentation; learning is described as a continuous loop through them.

Scaffolding in teaching

Temporary support such as prompts, models and worked examples, provided within the learner's zone of proximal development and gradually withdrawn as competence grows.

Active to passive rule

The object becomes the subject, the verb becomes a form of be plus past participle, and the original subject appears in a by-phrase or is dropped.

Simile versus metaphor

A simile compares two things using like or as, as in 'brave as a lion'; a metaphor states one thing is another without comparison words, as in 'he is a lion'.

Third conditional structure

If + past perfect, then would have + past participle, expressing an unreal past situation and its imagined result, as in 'If I had studied, I would have passed'.

Present perfect tense use

Formed with has or have plus past participle, it links a past action to the present and is used with for, since, just, already, yet and ever.

Shakespearean sonnet rhyme scheme

Fourteen lines of iambic pentameter in three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg, with the turn or volta often falling in the couplet.

Gerund definition and example

A verb form ending in -ing that works as a noun, as in 'Swimming is healthy', where it can act as subject, object or complement.

Direct to indirect speech shift

When the reporting verb is past, the reported verb usually moves one tense back, pronouns shift to the speaker's viewpoint, and time words change, e.g. today becomes that day.

Alliteration and personification

Alliteration repeats initial consonant sounds in nearby words ('sweet silver song'); personification gives human qualities to non-human things ('the wind whispered').

Pakistan's 1973 Constitution

The third and current constitution, adopted on 14 August 1973, establishes a parliamentary federal system with a bicameral legislature and Islam as the state religion.

Objectives Resolution 1949

Passed by Pakistan's Constituent Assembly in March 1949, it set the ideological basis for later constitutions, holding that sovereignty belongs to Allah and is exercised through elected representatives.

K2 highest peak of Pakistan

K2, in the Karakoram range, rises to 8,611 metres, making it the world's second-highest mountain after Everest and the highest point in Pakistan.

Pakistan's membership of the UN

Pakistan joined the United Nations on 30 September 1947, soon after independence, and has since served several terms as a non-permanent member of the Security Council.

SAARC headquarters and founding

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation was founded in 1985 with headquarters in Kathmandu, Nepal, and has eight member states including Pakistan and India.

Malala Yousafzai Nobel Prize

Malala Yousafzai received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014, sharing it with Kailash Satyarthi, and became the youngest-ever Nobel laureate at the age of seventeen.

Abdus Salam Nobel Prize

Dr Abdus Salam won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Glashow and Weinberg, for the electroweak unification theory, the first Nobel in science for Pakistan.

Tarbela and Mangla dams

Tarbela Dam stands on the Indus River and is among the world's largest earth-filled dams, while Mangla Dam is built on the Jhelum River near Mirpur.