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FPSC TGT practice questions

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Question 1Subject-Specific Knowledge

If 4x + 8 = 32, what is the value of x?

  1. 10
  2. 6 Correct answer.
  3. 24
  4. 8

Explanation

Subtract 8 from both sides to obtain 4x = 24, then divide both sides by the coefficient 4 to obtain x = 6. Every operation performed on one side of an equation must be performed on the other side as well.

Question 2Subject-Specific Knowledge

Which symbol represents the element iron?

  1. Fe Correct answer.
  2. In
  3. F
  4. Ir

Explanation

The symbol Fe is derived from the Latin name ferrum, and many element symbols come from Latin or Greek roots rather than the English name. Symbols are written with an initial capital letter followed by a lower-case letter when a second letter is present.

Question 3Subject-Specific Knowledge

In the sentence 'The train arrived late', which word is the adverb?

  1. The
  2. late Correct answer.
  3. arrived
  4. train

Explanation

The word 'late' tells us when the action of arriving happened, so it modifies the verb 'arrived'. Adverbs are the class of words that modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

Question 4Subject-Specific Knowledge

The sum of the interior angles of any plane triangle is:

  1. 90°
  2. 360°
  3. 180° Correct answer.
  4. 270°

Explanation

Drawing a line through one vertex parallel to the opposite side shows that the three interior angles fit together to form a straight angle, which measures 180°. This sum is the same for every plane triangle regardless of its shape.

Question 5Subject-Specific Knowledge

Which organelle is described as the powerhouse of the cell because it generates most of the cell's ATP?

  1. Nucleus
  2. Ribosome
  3. Mitochondrion Correct answer.
  4. Golgi apparatus

Explanation

Mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration, oxidising pyruvate and releasing energy that is captured as ATP. Cells with high energy demands, such as muscle cells, contain large numbers of mitochondria.

Question 6Subject-Specific Knowledge

The SI unit of force is the:

  1. joule
  2. pascal
  3. newton Correct answer.
  4. watt

Explanation

One newton is the force that gives a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one metre per second squared, so it is equivalent to kg·m/s². This follows directly from Newton's second law, F = ma.

Question 7Subject-Specific Knowledge

What is the correct plural form of the noun 'child'?

  1. childs
  2. childes
  3. childrens
  4. children Correct answer.

Explanation

'Child' is an irregular noun that forms its plural with the old English suffix -en, giving 'children'. Because the plural is already marked, no additional -s may be added.

Question 8Subject-Specific Knowledge

At 25 °C, a solution with a pH of exactly 7 is:

  1. 0
  2. 1
  3. 14
  4. 7 Correct answer.

Explanation

pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. At 25 °C pure water has [H⁺] = 1 × 10⁻⁷ mol/dm³, so its pH is 7, and such a solution is described as neutral.

Question 9Subject-Specific Knowledge

In a right-angled triangle the two shorter sides have lengths 6 cm and 8 cm. What is the length of the hypotenuse?

  1. 12 cm
  2. 100 cm
  3. 48 cm
  4. 10 cm Correct answer.

Explanation

By Pythagoras' theorem the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides: 6² + 8² = 36 + 64 = 100. Taking the square root gives a hypotenuse of 10 cm.

Question 10Subject-Specific Knowledge

A net force acts on a 5 kg mass and produces an acceleration of 3 m/s². What is the magnitude of the force?

  1. 45 N
  2. 1.67 N
  3. 8 N
  4. 15 N Correct answer.

Explanation

Newton's second law states that force equals mass multiplied by acceleration, F = ma. Substituting 5 kg and 3 m/s² gives 5 × 3 = 15 N.

Question 11Subject-Specific Knowledge

How many moles are present in 44 g of carbon dioxide (molar mass 44 g/mol)?

  1. 44 mol
  2. 1 mol Correct answer.
  3. 2 mol
  4. 0.5 mol

Explanation

The number of moles is found by dividing the mass of the sample by its molar mass: n = m/M = 44/44 = 1 mol. Molar mass is numerically equal to the relative molecular mass expressed in grams per mole.

Question 12Subject-Specific Knowledge

How many chromosomes are present in a normal human somatic (body) cell?

  1. 44
  2. 23
  3. 46 Correct answer.
  4. 48

Explanation

Human body cells are diploid, containing 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, which gives a total of 46. Gametes are haploid and contain only 23 chromosomes, one from each pair.

Question 13Subject-Specific Knowledge

Which sentence correctly changes 'The teacher marked the papers' into the passive voice?

  1. The papers were marked by the teacher. Correct answer.
  2. The papers are marked by the teacher.
  3. The papers have marked by the teacher.
  4. The papers were marking by the teacher.

Explanation

In the passive voice the object becomes the subject, the verb becomes a form of 'be' plus the past participle, and the original subject is placed after 'by'. The original verb is in the past simple, so the passive requires 'were marked'.

Question 14Subject-Specific Knowledge

What is the median of the data set 3, 7, 9, 12, 15?

  1. 12
  2. 7
  3. 9 Correct answer.
  4. 9.2

Explanation

The median is the middle value once the data are arranged in order. With five values, the third value is the median, which here is 9.

Question 15Subject-Specific Knowledge

Light travels in a certain medium at 2.0 × 10⁸ m/s. Taking the speed of light in vacuum as 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s, the refractive index of the medium is:

  1. 1.67
  2. 6.0
  3. 1.5 Correct answer.
  4. 0.67

Explanation

The refractive index of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in that medium: n = c/v. Substituting the values gives 3.0 × 10⁸ ÷ 2.0 × 10⁸ = 1.5.

Question 16Subject-Specific Knowledge

A potential difference of 12 V is applied across a resistor of 4 Ω. What current flows through it?

  1. 48 A
  2. 0.33 A
  3. 3 A Correct answer.
  4. 8 A

Explanation

Ohm's law states that current equals voltage divided by resistance, I = V/R. Substituting 12 V and 4 Ω gives 12 ÷ 4 = 3 A.

Question 17Subject-Specific Knowledge

What is the oxidation number of sulphur in H₂SO₄?

  1. +4
  2. +2
  3. +6 Correct answer.
  4. −2

Explanation

Hydrogen is assigned +1 and oxygen −2 in this compound, and the sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral molecule must be zero. Solving 2(+1) + x + 4(−2) = 0 gives x = +6 for sulphur.

Question 18Subject-Specific Knowledge

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: 'He has been living in Lahore ____ 2015.'

  1. for
  2. since Correct answer.
  3. by
  4. from

Explanation

'Since' is used with a specific point in time to mark the beginning of an action that continues up to the present. 'For' would be used with a length of time, such as 'for five years'.

Question 19Subject-Specific Knowledge

What is the value of sin 30°?

  1. 1/2 Correct answer.
  2. √2/2
  3. √3/2
  4. 1

Explanation

In a 30°–60°–90° triangle the side opposite the 30° angle is half the hypotenuse, so sin 30° = 1/2. The same value follows from the standard trigonometric ratio table.

Question 20Subject-Specific Knowledge

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

  1. Vena cava
  2. Aorta
  3. Pulmonary artery Correct answer.
  4. Pulmonary vein

Explanation

The pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle and carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, making it the one artery that carries deoxygenated blood. After gas exchange the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

Question 21Subject-Specific Knowledge

The roots of the equation x² − 5x + 6 = 0 are:

  1. −1 and −6
  2. 1 and 6
  3. −2 and −3
  4. 2 and 3 Correct answer.

Explanation

Factorising gives (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0, so x = 2 or x = 3. Equivalently, the roots must have a sum of 5 and a product of 6, which only 2 and 3 satisfy.

Question 22Subject-Specific Knowledge

A machine does 600 J of work in 4 s. What is its average power output?

  1. 2400 W
  2. 0.67 W
  3. 150 W Correct answer.
  4. 600 W

Explanation

Power is the rate of doing work, P = W/t. Dividing 600 J by 4 s gives 150 W, where one watt equals one joule per second.

Question 23Subject-Specific Knowledge

What is the pH of a 0.01 mol/dm³ solution of hydrochloric acid, a strong monobasic acid?

  1. 1
  2. 3
  3. 2 Correct answer.
  4. 12

Explanation

Hydrochloric acid is fully ionised, so [H⁺] equals the acid concentration, 1 × 10⁻² mol/dm³. Then pH = −log(1 × 10⁻²) = 2.

Question 24Subject-Specific Knowledge

Two heterozygous parents (Aa × Aa) are crossed, where A is completely dominant over a. What is the probability that an offspring shows the recessive phenotype?

  1. 1/4 Correct answer.
  2. 1/2
  3. 0
  4. 3/4

Explanation

The cross Aa × Aa gives the genotypic ratio 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa, so one quarter of the offspring are homozygous recessive. Only the aa genotype expresses the recessive phenotype when dominance is complete.

Question 25Subject-Specific Knowledge

In the sentence 'Although it rained, the match continued', the group of words 'Although it rained' is:

  1. a phrase
  2. a noun clause
  3. an adverbial clause Correct answer.
  4. an independent clause

Explanation

The group contains a subject and a finite verb, so it is a clause, but the subordinating conjunction 'although' makes it dependent. It functions like an adverb by expressing concession about the main clause, so it is an adverbial clause.

Question 26Subject-Specific Knowledge

In the sentence 'The cat sat on the mat', the word 'on' belongs to which part of speech?

  1. adverb
  2. conjunction
  3. preposition Correct answer.
  4. pronoun

Explanation

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show the relation of that noun to another word in the sentence. Here 'on' links 'the mat' to the verb 'sat', expressing place.

Question 27Subject-Specific Knowledge

What is the least common multiple (LCM) of 12 and 18?

  1. 6
  2. 72
  3. 36 Correct answer.
  4. 18

Explanation

Express each number in prime factors: 12 = 2² × 3 and 18 = 2 × 3². The LCM takes the highest power of every prime, giving 2² × 3² = 36.

Question 28Subject-Specific Knowledge

The structural and functional unit of the human kidney is the:

  1. villus
  2. nephron Correct answer.
  3. neuron
  4. alveolus

Explanation

The kidney is made up of about a million microscopic filtering units called nephrons, each consisting of a glomerulus, Bowman's capsule and a tubule. Filtration of blood and formation of urine occur within these units.

Question 29Subject-Specific Knowledge

Sound travels fastest through which of the following media?

  1. Vacuum
  2. Air
  3. Steel Correct answer.
  4. Water

Explanation

Sound is a mechanical wave, so it travels faster in media whose particles are closely packed and strongly bonded. Solids such as steel have the highest elasticity and density combination, giving sound the greatest speed there.

Question 30Subject-Specific Knowledge

Which formula represents common table salt?

  1. NaCl Correct answer.
  2. CaCO₃
  3. Na₂CO₃
  4. KCl

Explanation

Table salt is sodium chloride, formed by the ionic combination of one sodium ion (Na⁺) with one chloride ion (Cl⁻), giving the formula NaCl.

Question 31Subject-Specific Knowledge

Which word is the antonym of 'generous'?

  1. cheerful
  2. wealthy
  3. miserly Correct answer.
  4. kind

Explanation

An antonym expresses the opposite meaning of a word. 'Generous' means willing to give freely, so its opposite is 'miserly', meaning reluctant to give or spend.

Question 32Subject-Specific Knowledge

HTML, the standard language for creating web pages, stands for:

  1. Hyper Transfer Markup Language
  2. HyperText Markup Language Correct answer.
  3. High Text Markup Language
  4. Hyperlink Text Markup Language

Explanation

HTML is the acronym for HyperText Markup Language, the markup system used to structure content such as headings, paragraphs and links on the World Wide Web.

Question 33Subject-Specific Knowledge

Which planet is known as the Red Planet?

  1. Venus
  2. Mercury
  3. Mars Correct answer.
  4. Jupiter

Explanation

Mars appears reddish because its surface is rich in iron oxide (rust) dust. This distinctive colour is why it is commonly called the Red Planet.

Question 34Subject-Specific Knowledge

If f(x) = 2x + 3, what is the value of f(4)?

  1. 11 Correct answer.
  2. 8
  3. 24
  4. 14

Explanation

To evaluate a function at a given input, substitute that value for x in the rule. Replacing x with 4 gives 2(4) + 3 = 8 + 3 = 11.

Question 35Subject-Specific Knowledge

A body moves along a circular path at constant speed. Its acceleration is directed:

  1. towards the centre of the circle Correct answer.
  2. vertically downward
  3. along the tangent to the circle
  4. away from the centre of the circle

Explanation

Even at constant speed the direction of motion changes continuously, so the velocity changes and an acceleration exists. This centripetal acceleration always points towards the centre of the circular path.

Question 36Subject-Specific Knowledge

Which gas is evolved when zinc granules are added to dilute hydrochloric acid?

  1. hydrogen Correct answer.
  2. chlorine
  3. carbon dioxide
  4. oxygen

Explanation

Zinc is above hydrogen in the reactivity series, so it displaces hydrogen from the acid: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂. The gas produced burns with a 'pop' sound, which is the standard test for hydrogen.

Question 37Subject-Specific Knowledge

Which part of the human brain is mainly responsible for maintaining balance and coordinating voluntary movements?

  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Medulla oblongata
  3. Cerebellum Correct answer.
  4. Cerebrum

Explanation

The cerebellum lies at the back of the brain beneath the cerebrum and coordinates muscular activity, posture and balance. Damage to it causes unsteady movement and loss of coordination.

Question 38Subject-Specific Knowledge

Change the following into indirect speech: He said, "I am tired."

  1. He said that he is tired.
  2. He says that he is tired.
  3. He said that he was tired. Correct answer.
  4. He said that I am tired.

Explanation

When the reporting verb is in the past ('said'), the present tense of the reported clause shifts one step back, so 'am' becomes 'was'. The first-person pronoun also changes to match the speaker, giving 'he was tired'.

Question 39Subject-Specific Knowledge

Taking π = 22/7, the area of a circle of radius 7 cm is:

  1. 44 cm²
  2. 308 cm²
  3. 154 cm² Correct answer.
  4. 49 cm²

Explanation

The area of a circle is given by A = πr². Substituting r = 7 cm and π = 22/7 gives A = (22/7) × 49 = 22 × 7 = 154 cm².

Question 40Subject-Specific Knowledge

A wave has a frequency of 50 Hz and a wavelength of 2 m. What is its speed?

  1. 48 m/s
  2. 100 m/s Correct answer.
  3. 25 m/s
  4. 52 m/s

Explanation

For any wave, speed equals frequency multiplied by wavelength (v = fλ). Thus v = 50 Hz × 2 m = 100 m/s.

Question 41Subject-Specific Knowledge

What is the pH of a 0.001 mol/dm³ aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at 25 °C?

  1. 3
  2. 8
  3. 11 Correct answer.
  4. 14

Explanation

Sodium hydroxide is a strong base, so [OH⁻] = 1 × 10⁻³ mol/dm³ and pOH = 3. Since pH + pOH = 14 at 25 °C, the pH is 14 − 3 = 11.

Question 42Subject-Specific Knowledge

Deficiency of which vitamin causes night blindness?

  1. Vitamin A Correct answer.
  2. Vitamin D
  3. Vitamin C
  4. Vitamin K

Explanation

Vitamin A is needed to form rhodopsin, the light-sensitive pigment in the rod cells of the retina. Its deficiency impairs vision in dim light and leads to night blindness.

Question 43Subject-Specific Knowledge

In the sentence 'She spoke softly', the word 'softly' functions as a/an:

  1. adverb Correct answer.
  2. adjective
  3. preposition
  4. noun

Explanation

An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb, often answering the question 'how?'. Here 'softly' tells how she spoke, so it modifies the verb 'spoke'.

Question 44Subject-Specific Knowledge

What is the sum of the interior angles of a regular hexagon?

  1. 360°
  2. 900°
  3. 540°
  4. 720° Correct answer.

Explanation

The interior angles of an n-sided polygon add up to (n − 2) × 180°. For a hexagon n = 6, so the sum is 4 × 180° = 720°.

Question 45Subject-Specific Knowledge

The binary number 1010 is equal to which decimal number?

  1. 10 Correct answer.
  2. 8
  3. 12
  4. 5

Explanation

Each binary digit represents a power of 2, reading from right to left: 0×2⁰ + 1×2¹ + 0×2² + 1×2³ = 2 + 8 = 10.

Question 46Subject-Specific Knowledge

A car slows down uniformly from 20 m/s to 5 m/s in 5 s. How far does it travel during this interval?

  1. 100 m
  2. 62.5 m Correct answer.
  3. 50 m
  4. 75 m

Explanation

With uniform acceleration the average velocity is (u + v)/2 = (20 + 5)/2 = 12.5 m/s. Distance = average velocity × time = 12.5 × 5 = 62.5 m.

Question 47Subject-Specific Knowledge

In the equilibrium reaction N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) ⇌ 2NH₃(g), increasing the pressure at constant temperature will:

  1. shift the equilibrium to the left
  2. increase the activation energy of the reaction
  3. have no effect on the position of equilibrium
  4. shift the equilibrium to the right Correct answer.

Explanation

By Le Chatelier's principle the system opposes an increase in pressure by shifting towards the side with fewer gas molecules. The left side has 4 moles of gas and the right side has 2, so the equilibrium shifts to the right.

Question 48Subject-Specific Knowledge

In a dihybrid cross between two individuals heterozygous for both genes (AaBb × AaBb), the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring is:

  1. 3:1
  2. 1:1:1:1
  3. 9:3:3:1 Correct answer.
  4. 1:2:1

Explanation

When the two gene pairs assort independently and each shows complete dominance, each 3:1 monohybrid ratio multiplies independently. The combined outcome is 9:3:3:1 for the four phenotypic classes.

Question 49Subject-Specific Knowledge

Given that log₁₀ 2 = 0.3010, what is log₁₀ 8?

  1. 0.3010
  2. 0.9030 Correct answer.
  3. 2.4080
  4. 0.6020

Explanation

Since 8 = 2³, the power rule of logarithms gives log₁₀ 8 = 3 log₁₀ 2. Therefore log₁₀ 8 = 3 × 0.3010 = 0.9030.

Question 50Subject-Specific Knowledge

The expression 'The wind whispered through the trees' is an example of:

  1. hyperbole
  2. alliteration
  3. personification Correct answer.
  4. simile

Explanation

Personification gives human qualities to non-human things. Whispering is a human action attributed here to the wind, which is therefore personified.