PN Sailor Initial Test flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Subject-Verb Agreement

A verb must match its subject in number. Phrases between them, such as "together with" or "as well as", do not change the subject's number.

Dangling Modifier

An introductory phrase whose intended subject is missing or misplaced, as in "Walking to the pier, the horn sounded", where the horn is not walking.

Active Versus Passive Voice

Active voice places the doer first: "The crew raised the flag." Passive voice places the receiver first: "The flag was raised by the crew."

Semicolon Use

A semicolon joins two independent clauses without a conjunction, or separates list items that already contain commas. It cannot join a clause to a fragment.

Percent Change Formula

Percent change equals the difference between new and old values, divided by the old value, multiplied by one hundred. Negative results indicate a decrease.

Combined Work Rate

For two workers completing a job in a and b hours alone, working together they finish in ab divided by (a + b) hours.

Average Speed, Equal Distances

When equal distances are traveled at speeds x and y, average speed is 2xy divided by (x + y), not the simple average of x and y.

Simple Interest Formula

Interest equals principal multiplied by annual rate multiplied by time in years: I = P × r × t. Total amount is principal plus interest.

Newton's Second Law

The net force on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma). Doubling the force doubles acceleration if mass stays constant.

Seawater Density Effect

Seawater is denser than fresh water at about 1.025 g/cm³ versus 1.0 g/cm³, so a vessel floats higher and displaces less volume in the sea.

Photosynthesis Equation

Six carbon dioxide molecules plus six water molecules, using light energy, produce one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules inside chloroplasts.

pH Scale

A scale from 0 to 14 measuring hydrogen ion concentration. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic or alkaline.

Contrapositive Rule

From "If P then Q" you may validly infer "If not Q then not P". The reverse, "If Q then P", is the converse and is not automatically valid.

Number Series Strategy

Compare successive terms for constant differences first, then constant ratios, then alternating patterns, then perfect squares or cubes with an offset.

Syllogism Validity Test

A conclusion is valid only if it must be true whenever the premises are true. A conclusion that is merely possible does not follow.

Odd-One-Out Method

Test every option against one property at a time, such as symmetry, number of sides, or shading, and select the option that alone fails.

Lever Mechanical Advantage

Mechanical advantage equals effort arm length divided by load arm length. Placing the fulcrum nearer the load increases the advantage.

Movable Pulley Advantage

A single fixed pulley only redirects force with advantage of one. Movable pulleys give mechanical advantage equal to the number of rope segments supporting the load.

Gear Rotation Rule

Meshed gears rotate in opposite directions. The gear with fewer teeth turns faster, and the speed ratio equals driven teeth divided by driver teeth.

Hydraulic Press Principle

Pascal's principle gives force divided by area as constant, so F₁/A₁ = F₂/A₂. A larger output piston multiplies force proportionally to its area.

Cube Net Opposite Faces

In a folded cube net, opposite faces never share an edge and never appear adjacent. Trace adjacency to identify which faces oppose each other.

1987 Constitution Ratification

The current Philippine Constitution was ratified in a plebiscite on 2 February 1987, restoring the presidential system with a bicameral Congress.

Philippine Independence Date

General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed independence in Kawit, Cavite on 12 June 1898. The Malolos Republic was inaugurated in 1899.

Presidential Term Limits

Under the 1987 Constitution the President serves a single six-year term and is not eligible for reelection. The Vice President serves six years and may be reelected.

Senate Composition

The Senate has twenty-four members elected at large, each serving a six-year term, with a maximum of two consecutive terms.

Civilian Supremacy Clause

Article II of the 1987 Constitution states that civilian authority is at all times supreme over the military, and the armed forces protect the people and the state.

Suffrage Requirements

Voters must be Filipino citizens aged at least eighteen, resident in the Philippines for a year and in the voting place for six months before election.

Port and Starboard

Port is the left side of a ship when facing the bow, and starboard is the right side. These terms do not change with the observer's position.

Knot and Fathom

A knot is one nautical mile per hour, roughly 1.852 kilometers per hour. A fathom measures depth and equals six feet.

Relative Bearing

A bearing measured clockwise from the ship's heading rather than from true north. Adding it to the heading gives the true bearing.

Sentry General Orders

A sentry takes charge of the post and all government property in view, walks the post in a military manner, and reports violations to the commander of the relief.

Chain of Command

The formal line of authority running from the lowest seaman through petty officers and officers to the commanding officer, used for reporting and requesting.