PN Sailor Initial Test key terms

The grammar rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb.

Keeping verbs in the same or logically ordered time frame within a sentence or paragraph so the sequence of events stays clear to the reader.

Writing items in a series or comparison in the same grammatical form, such as all nouns, all infinitives, or all gerunds, so the sentence reads evenly.

Putting a describing word or phrase next to the word it actually describes, avoiding confusing or unintentionally humorous sentences caused by misplaced or dangling modifiers.

A small connecting word such as in, on, at, by, or with that links a noun or pronoun to another part of the sentence to show place, time, or relationship.

A conclusion a reader draws from clues in a passage rather than from a statement made directly, requiring the reader to combine evidence with reasoning.

The central point a paragraph or passage is built around, usually stated or strongly implied in a topic sentence and supported by the remaining details.

A word, phrase, or example near an unfamiliar term that hints at its meaning, letting a reader work out vocabulary without a dictionary.

A comparison of two quantities by division, often written with a colon, showing how many times one value contains or is contained in another.

A statement that two ratios are equal, used to solve problems where three values are known and the fourth unknown quantity must be found.

A number expressed as a fraction of one hundred, useful for comparing discounts, increases, interest, and test scores on a common scale.

The sum of a set of values divided by how many values there are, also called the arithmetic mean, used to describe a typical value in a group.

The smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or more given numbers, needed when adding fractions with unlike denominators.

The largest number that divides two or more given numbers without a remainder, used when simplifying fractions and factoring expressions.

A way of writing part of a whole as one number over another, where the top number is the part and the bottom number is the total.

The agreed sequence for evaluating expressions, commonly remembered as parentheses, exponents, multiplication and division, then addition and subtraction from left to right.

A mathematical phrase combining numbers, variables, and operation signs, which can be simplified or evaluated once the variable values are known.

A ratio that compares quantities of different units, such as kilometers per hour or pesos per liter, often used to predict time, distance, or cost.

A testable proposed explanation for an observation, written so that experiments can produce evidence for or against it.

Any factor in an experiment that can change or be changed, including the one deliberately altered and the one measured as a result.

The setup or treatment kept unchanged so that results can be compared fairly against the part of the experiment being tested.

A community of living things interacting with each other and with their nonliving surroundings such as water, soil, air, and sunlight.

The movement of energy from one organism or system to another, as in food chains where producers pass stored energy to consumers.

Drawing a guaranteed conclusion from general premises that are accepted as true, moving from broad rules to a specific case.

Building a general rule from a pattern of specific observations, where the conclusion is probable rather than certain.

A form of logical argument with two premises and a conclusion, where the conclusion follows necessarily if both premises are true.

A flaw in reasoning that makes an argument unreliable, such as attacking a person instead of the claim or assuming what is to be proven.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule, where the task is to identify the pattern and predict the next term.

A comparison stating that two pairs of items share the same relationship, used to test whether a candidate can transfer a pattern to a new case.

The factor by which a machine multiplies an applied force, found by comparing the load moved with the effort applied.

A rigid bar pivoting on a fixed point, used to lift or move a load with less effort depending on where the pivot and forces are placed.

A grooved wheel with a rope or cable running over it, used to change the direction of a force or to reduce the effort needed to lift a load.

The relationship between the tooth counts or sizes of two meshing gears, which determines changes in turning speed and twisting force.

The ability to mentally rotate, fold, or rearrange shapes and objects, and to picture how a flat pattern becomes a three-dimensional form.

The smallest local government unit in the Philippines, headed by a captain and council, serving as the primary venue for community-level public services.

The revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio in 1892 that organized armed resistance against Spanish colonial rule.

The 1898 agreement ending the Spanish-American War, in which Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for a payment of twenty million dollars.

The transitional government of the Philippines under American sovereignty from 1935 to 1946, established to prepare the country for independence.

The article of the Philippine Constitution listing protected freedoms and guarantees, such as due process, free speech, and protection against unlawful searches.

The constitutional arrangement dividing government authority among executive, legislative, and judicial branches so that no single branch holds all power.

The system allowing each branch of government to limit the powers of the others, for example a presidential veto or judicial review of laws.

The formal line of authority running from superior to subordinate, showing who reports to whom and who may issue lawful orders.

The standing instructions every sentry must memorize, covering duties such as taking charge of the post and reporting violations of orders.

Serving a scheduled period of duty aboard ship or at a post, responsible for security, safety, and prompt reporting of unusual events.

The practical skill of handling and maintaining a vessel, including line handling, anchoring, rigging, and safe routine work on deck.

The direction of one object from another, measured in degrees clockwise from north, used in navigation and in reporting contacts at sea.