PAF Airman Initial Test cheat sheet

The eight parts of speech are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection.

A sentence needs a subject and a predicate; a clause contains a subject and a verb, while a phrase does not.

Subject and verb must agree in number: 'He writes' but 'They write'; words placed between them do not change this.

Simple past uses the past form of the verb; present perfect uses has/have plus the past participle.

Active voice: the subject acts ('Ali wrote the letter'). Passive voice: the object becomes subject ('The letter was written by Ali').

A synonym has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word; an antonym has the opposite meaning.

Use 'a' before consonant sounds and 'an' before vowel sounds; 'the' is the definite article.

Several verbs take fixed prepositions: good at, afraid of, interested in, married to, depend on.

Area of a circle = πr²; circumference of a circle = 2πr.

Pythagoras theorem: in a right-angled triangle a² + b² = c², where c is the hypotenuse.

Average (mean) = sum of all values ÷ number of values.

Percentage change = (change ÷ original value) × 100; x% of y = (x ÷ 100) × y.

For two positive integers, HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers.

Speed = distance ÷ time; distance = speed × time; time = distance ÷ speed.

Simple interest = (principal × rate × time) ÷ 100.

Sum of interior angles = 180° in a triangle and 360° in a quadrilateral.

Newton's second law: F = ma; weight = mg, with g ≈ 9.8 m/s² near the Earth's surface.

Newton's first law: a body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless a net external force acts on it.

Newton's third law: every action has an equal and opposite reaction, acting on a different body.

Ohm's law: V = IR at constant temperature, with V in volts, I in amperes and R in ohms.

Work = force × distance moved in the direction of the force; power = work ÷ time; SI unit of power is the watt.

Kinetic energy = ½mv²; gravitational potential energy = mgh.

Law of reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection; light travels at about 3 × 10⁸ m/s in vacuum.

Density = mass ÷ volume; pressure = force ÷ area; SI unit of pressure is the pascal.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, using chlorophyll and sunlight.

Water is the compound H₂O - hydrogen and oxygen combined in a 2:1 ratio of atoms.

pH scale runs from 0 to 14: below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 is basic (alkaline).

Red blood cells carry oxygen using haemoglobin; white blood cells fight infection; platelets help blood clotting.

The Sun is a star; the eight planets in order are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Diamond is the hardest natural substance; graphite is a soft form of the same element, carbon.

The heart has four chambers; the lungs exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood.

The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas; melting, freezing, evaporation and condensation change the state.

Five pillars of Islam: Shahadah (faith), Salah (prayer), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage).

The Holy Quran contains 114 surahs; the first surah is Al-Fatihah and its verses are called ayahs.

The Hijrah, the migration from Makkah to Madinah, took place in 622 CE and begins the Islamic calendar.

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) received the first revelation in the cave of Hira at the age of forty.

Pakistan gained independence on 14 August 1947; Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the founder, and Liaquat Ali Khan the first Prime Minister.

Pakistan's capital is Islamabad, its national language is Urdu, its largest city is Karachi and its largest province by area is Balochistan.

K2 in the Karakoram range is the highest peak of Pakistan and the second highest in the world.

The Radcliffe Line divides Pakistan from India, and the Durand Line separates Pakistan from Afghanistan.

Number series: test differences between consecutive terms first, then ratios, then squares or cubes.

Odd one out: identify the property shared by all items except one.

Letter positions: A = 1 to Z = 26; EJOTY gives 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 for E, J, O, T and Y.

Reverse positions run A = 26 to Z = 1; a letter's forward and reverse positions always add up to 27.

Letter shift coding: '+3' means each letter moves three places forward in the alphabet (A → D).

Direction sense: while facing north, a right turn leads east and a left turn leads west; draw a diagram.

Analogy items share the same relationship, e.g. doctor : hospital :: teacher : school (worker and workplace).