PAF Airman Initial Test flashcards
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- Subject-verb agreement rule
- A singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb; words placed between the subject and verb do not change its number.
- Active vs passive voice
- In active voice the subject performs the action, as in 'Ali wrote the letter'; in passive voice the object becomes the subject, as in 'The letter was written by Ali'.
- Present perfect tense use
- Formed with has or have plus the past participle, it describes an action completed at an unspecified time or continuing up to the present, as in 'She has finished'.
- Fixed preposition: good at
- The adjective 'good' is followed by the preposition 'at' before a skill or activity, as in 'good at mathematics', not 'good in mathematics'.
- Synonym definition
- A synonym is a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word, such as 'begin' and 'start', or 'quick' and 'fast'.
- Antonym definition
- An antonym is a word opposite in meaning to another word, such as 'hot' and 'cold', or 'ancient' and 'modern'.
- Area of a circle
- The area of a circle equals pi multiplied by the square of the radius, A = πr²; for a radius of 7 cm the area is about 154 cm².
- Pythagoras theorem
- In a right-angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides, written as a² + b² = c².
- Percentage to fraction
- To convert a percentage to a fraction, divide it by 100 and simplify; for example 40% becomes 40/100, which simplifies to 2/5.
- Average of numbers
- The average, or arithmetic mean, is the sum of all the values divided by the number of values; the average of 4, 8 and 12 is 8.
- HCF and LCM relation
- For two positive integers, the product of their HCF and LCM equals the product of the numbers themselves; for 12 and 18 the HCF is 6 and the LCM is 36.
- Speed distance time formula
- Speed equals distance divided by time, distance equals speed multiplied by time, and time equals distance divided by speed, with consistent units throughout.
- Newton's second law
- The net force acting on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration, F = ma, with force measured in newtons when mass is in kilograms.
- Ohm's law
- At constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, so V = IR, with V in volts, I in amperes and R in ohms.
- Law of reflection
- The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, and the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.
- Kinetic energy formula
- The kinetic energy of a moving body equals one half of its mass multiplied by the square of its speed, KE = ½mv², measured in joules.
- Speed of light in vacuum
- Light travels in a vacuum at approximately 3 × 10⁸ metres per second, about 300,000 kilometres per second, which is the fastest possible speed.
- Photosynthesis equation
- Green plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and release oxygen: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, with chlorophyll capturing the light energy.
- Composition of water
- Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio of atoms, giving the formula H₂O; it is a compound, not an element.
- pH scale meaning
- The pH scale runs from 0 to 14; values below 7 indicate an acid, 7 is neutral, and values above 7 indicate a base or alkali.
- Function of red blood cells
- Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which binds oxygen in the lungs and carries it to body tissues; these cells are produced in the bone marrow.
- Hardest natural substance
- Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance, a form of carbon in which each carbon atom is bonded to four others in a rigid lattice.
- Five pillars of Islam
- The five pillars are Shahadah (declaration of faith), Salah (prayer), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah).
- Number of Quran surahs
- The Holy Quran contains 114 surahs, or chapters, beginning with Surah Al-Fatihah; the individual verses of the Quran are called ayahs.
- Year of the Hijrah
- The Hijrah was the migration of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) from Makkah to Madinah in 622 CE, and it marks the start of the Islamic calendar.
- Pakistan independence date
- Pakistan gained independence on 14 August 1947; Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was its founder and first Governor-General, and Liaquat Ali Khan its first Prime Minister.
- Capital of Pakistan
- Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan, while Karachi is the largest city and chief seaport; Urdu is the national language of the country.
- Odd one out technique
- To find the odd one out, look for the property shared by all the items except one, such as all being prime numbers or all being units of length.
- Number series rule
- In a number series, first check the differences between consecutive terms, then the ratios between them, then squares or cubes, before predicting the next term.
- Letter shift coding
- In letter shift coding each letter is replaced by another a fixed number of places away in the alphabet; a shift of plus three turns A into D.
- Alphabet position trick
- Letters A to Z have positions 1 to 26; remembering EJOTY gives the positions 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 for the letters E, J, O, T and Y.
- Direction sense rule
- In direction puzzles, turning right while facing north leads east and turning left leads west; drawing a simple diagram prevents mistakes.