PAF GD Pilot Initial Test cheat sheet

A verb agrees with its subject in number; phrases such as 'along with' or 'as well as' between subject and verb do not change the verb's number.

Use the past indefinite for a completed past action and the present perfect (has/have + past participle) for a past action with present relevance, often with 'since' or 'for'.

To change active to passive: the object becomes the subject, the verb becomes a form of 'be' + past participle, and the doer follows 'by'.

In reported speech after a past reporting verb, present tenses shift to past, 'will' becomes 'would', and 'today' becomes 'that day'.

Use 'since' with a point of time (since 2015) and 'for' with a duration (for four years).

Use 'a' before a consonant sound (a university, a boy) and 'an' before a vowel sound (an hour, an apple).

First conditional pattern: If + present simple, will + base verb (If it rains, we will stay).

Prefix meanings: 'bene-' good, 'mal-' bad, 'anti-' against, 'pre-' before, 'post-' after, 'mis-' wrongly.

Comparative adjectives of one syllable add '-er' and superlatives add '-est'; longer adjectives use 'more' and 'most'.

Average (mean) = sum of all values ÷ number of values.

Speed = distance ÷ time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18, and m/s to km/h multiply by 18/5.

Area of a circle = πr²; circumference = 2πr, where r is the radius.

Algebraic identities: (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b² and (a + b)(a − b) = a² − b².

Simple interest = (Principal × Rate × Time) ÷ 100, with rate expressed as an annual percentage.

The angles of a triangle sum to 180° and those of a quadrilateral sum to 360°.

Pythagoras theorem: in a right triangle, hypotenuse² = base² + perpendicular².

Percentage change = ((new value − old value) ÷ old value) × 100.

For two positive integers, LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers.

Newton's second law: net force = mass × acceleration (F = ma), with force in newtons.

Weight = mass × acceleration due to gravity (W = mg), taking g ≈ 9.8 m/s² near the Earth's surface.

Speed of light in vacuum ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s; speed of sound in air at room temperature ≈ 340 m/s.

Ohm's law: V = IR, so current rises with voltage and falls with resistance at constant temperature.

Density = mass ÷ volume; relative density compares a substance's density with that of water.

Kinetic energy = ½mv²; gravitational potential energy = mgh.

Power = work ÷ time; work = force × displacement along the direction of the force.

Law of reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection, both measured from the normal.

Wave equation: speed = frequency × wavelength.

Number series: test successive differences first, then ratios, then squares, cubes and alternating patterns.

Analogy items: name the exact relationship (part-to-whole, cause-to-effect, worker-to-tool) before choosing the pair with the same relation.

Letter coding: alphabet positions run A = 1 to Z = 26, and opposite letters sum to 27 (A–Z, B–Y, C–X).

Direction sense: sketch each turn, then use Pythagoras to find net displacement after right-angle moves.

Ranking: total persons = rank from left + rank from right − 1.

Odd-one-out: identify the property shared by all but one option, such as all being prime, all being capitals, or all being metals.

Vertical mirror images reverse left and right but keep top and bottom unchanged; water images reverse top and bottom.

Calendar odd days: an ordinary year has 1 odd day, a leap year has 2, and a century year is a leap year only if divisible by 400.

Blood relations: draw a family tree, mark gender with symbols, and treat 'maternal' as mother's side and 'paternal' as father's side.

Pakistan's capital is Islamabad, its largest city is Karachi, and its currency is the rupee.

K2 (8,611 m) is the second highest peak in the world and lies in the Karakoram range in Gilgit-Baltistan.

The Indus is Pakistan's longest river, rising in Tibet and flowing into the Arabian Sea near Karachi.

Pakistan shares borders with India, China, Afghanistan and Iran, and has a coastline on the Arabian Sea.

Pakistan conducted its first nuclear tests on 28 May 1998 at Chagai, Balochistan.

The United Nations was founded in 1945 and is headquartered in New York; the OIC is headquartered in Jeddah and SAARC in Kathmandu.

Planets in order from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

The Pacific is the largest and deepest ocean; the Sahara is the largest hot desert.

Pakistan won the Cricket World Cup in 1992 and the Hockey World Cup four times (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994).

The five pillars of Islam are Shahadah (faith), Salah (prayer), Sawm (fasting), Zakat (charity) and Hajj (pilgrimage).

The Quran contains 114 surahs; the first revealed verses are from Surah Al-Alaq and the longest surah is Al-Baqarah.

Zakat is 2.5% of qualifying wealth held for one lunar year above the nisab; Hajj is performed in Dhul Hijjah at Makkah.

The Hijrah of 622 CE from Makkah to Madinah marks year one of the Islamic lunar calendar.

Pakistan gained independence on 14 August 1947; its founder was Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

The Lahore Resolution was passed on 23 March 1940; Iqbal's Allahabad address was delivered in 1930.

The Objectives Resolution was passed in 1949, the first constitution was framed in 1956, and the present constitution dates from 1973.

Pakistan has four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan; Urdu is the national language.

Pakistan's national animal is the markhor, national bird the chukar partridge, and national flower the jasmine.