Punjab Patwari (Pakistan Revenue and Land Administration Cadre Exams) cheat sheet

Punjab covers about 50,362 square kilometres and shares borders with Pakistan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jammu & Kashmir.

Chandigarh is the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana; Punjab's administrative offices function from Chandigarh.

The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966, divided the former Punjab into Punjab, Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh with effect from 1 November 1966.

The five historical rivers of Punjab are Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum; only Sutlej, Beas and Ravi flow through Indian Punjab.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh ruled Lahore from 1799 to 1839 and signed the Treaty of Amritsar in 1809 with the British.

The British annexed Punjab in 1849 after the Second Anglo-Sikh War, ending Sikh sovereignty in the region.

Punjab has 23 districts; major cities include Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Patiala and Bathinda.

The Punjab Legislative Assembly has 117 seats; Punjab sends 13 members to the Lok Sabha and 7 to the Rajya Sabha.

Bhangra and Giddha are popular folk dances of Punjab; Baisakhi, Lohri and Teej are major festivals, and Punjabi is the official language.

A singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb; each, every, either and neither are treated as singular.

Use a before consonant sounds and an before vowel sounds based on pronunciation, not spelling: an hour, a university.

Present perfect (has/have plus past participle) is used for a past action with present relevance; simple past is used for finished past time.

Use since with a point of time and for with a duration; between is used for two items and among for more than two.

In reported speech after a past reporting verb, present tense usually shifts to past and will shifts to would.

Active to passive: the object becomes the subject, the verb becomes be plus past participle, and the original subject follows by.

In the pattern one of the plus plural noun, the verb is singular: One of the boys is absent.

Fixed idioms retain their form: a bolt from the blue means a sudden shock; to let the cat out of the bag means to reveal a secret.

Common word pairs: affect is usually a verb meaning influence, effect is usually a noun meaning result; principal means head, principle means rule.

Gurmukhi is the script used for Punjabi in India; it has 35 basic letters, is written left to right, and is popularly called Painti.

Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language and the official language of Punjab; Shahmukhi, a Perso-Arabic script, is used for Punjabi in Pakistan.

Gurmukhi vowel signs include mukta (inherent a), kanna (ਅ), sihari (ਇ), bihari (ਈ), aunkar (ਉ), dulainkar (ਊ), lavan (ਏ), dulavan (ਐ), hora (ਓ) and kanaura (ਔ).

Addak (ੱ) doubles the following consonant; tippi (ਂ) and bindi (ੰ) indicate nasalisation.

Punjabi generally follows Subject-Object-Verb order, so the verb appears at the end of a neutral sentence.

Punjabi uses postpositions after nouns: ghar vich means in the house; da, di and de show possession and agree with the possessed noun.

Common Punjabi words include kitab (book), pani (water), dudh (milk) and dosti (friendship).

Punjabi numbers 1 to 10 are ikk, do, tin, char, panj, chhe, satt, atth, nau and das.

Punjabi nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine; adjectives usually agree with the noun in gender and number.

Percentage change = (new value - old value) / old value × 100; a positive result is an increase and a negative result a decrease.

Successive changes of a% and b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent, keeping signs for increases and decreases.

Profit% = (SP - CP)/CP × 100; loss% = (CP - SP)/CP × 100; SP = CP(100 + profit%)/100.

Simple interest = PRT/100; compound interest = P(1 + R/100)^T - P.

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; if every value increases by k, the average increases by k.

Speed = distance/time; 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s; relative speed is added for opposite directions and subtracted for the same direction.

If A finishes a job in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days.

In partnership, profit shares are proportional to capital × time; ratio a:b means a/b.

Mensuration: area of a circle = πr²; circumference = 2πr; area of a triangle = ½ × base × height; volume of a cylinder = πr²h.

HCF × LCM = product of two numbers; a number is divisible by 3 if its digit sum is divisible by 3, and by 9 if the digit sum is divisible by 9.

Letter positions run A = 1 to Z = 26; reverse position = 27 - forward position.

Number series: check differences, ratios, squares, cubes and alternating patterns before selecting the next term.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with vertical lines for parent-child and horizontal lines for siblings or spouses.

Direction sense: track clockwise and anticlockwise turns; use Pythagoras for right-angle displacement.

Syllogism: All A are B does not imply All B are A; Some A are B converts to Some B are A.

Coding-decoding: compare letter positions between the word and the code; shifts may be constant or position-based.

Seating arrangement: fix the person with the most constraints first and apply left/right as stated in the question.

Clock: the minute hand gains 55 minutes on the hour hand in 60 minutes; the hands overlap every 65 5/11 minutes.

Calendar: an ordinary year has 1 odd day, a leap year has 2; 100 years have 5 odd days and 400 years have 0 odd days.

The CPU contains the arithmetic logic unit, control unit and registers; RAM is volatile and ROM is non-volatile.

MS Word shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo and Ctrl+S save.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB.

An IP address identifies a device on a network; HTTP and HTTPS transfer web pages; an email address contains the @ symbol.

A Patwari maintains village land records and reports to the Kanungo; the Tehsildar heads a tehsil.

A Khasra number identifies a plot; a Khatauni or Khatoni lists plots held by a cultivator; Jamabandi is the record of rights.

Land units: 1 kanal = 20 marla; 1 acre = 8 kanal = 160 marla; 1 hectare = 2.471 acre.

The Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887, governs land revenue administration, record-of-rights preparation and village revenue officials.

Rabi crops are sown around October to December and harvested in April to June; Kharif crops are sown around June to July and harvested in September to October.

Punjab's major crops include wheat, rice, cotton and maize; wheat is a rabi crop and rice is a kharif crop.