PPSC Lecturer cheat sheet

A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable; an unfalsifiable claim falls outside empirical science.

Primary sources provide original data or artifacts; secondary sources interpret, summarize, or analyze primary sources.

Reliability is consistency of measurement; validity is whether an instrument measures the intended construct.

Correlation measures association, not causation; a confounding variable can create a spurious relationship.

Standard deviation measures dispersion around the mean; a low SD indicates values cluster near the mean.

APA 7th edition in-text citation form: (Author, Year); a direct quotation adds a page number.

A p-value is the probability of data at least as extreme as the sample result if the null hypothesis is true; it is not the probability that the null is true.

Peer review means independent experts evaluate a manuscript's methods, evidence, and conclusions before publication.

Pakistan gained independence on 14 August 1947 under the Indian Independence Act 1947; Muhammad Ali Jinnah became first Governor-General.

The Lahore Resolution was passed on 23 March 1940 at Minto Park, Lahore, demanding independent states for Muslim-majority regions.

The Objectives Resolution was adopted on 12 March 1949 and later became a preamble to Pakistan's constitutions.

Pakistan's first constitution was enforced on 23 March 1956, establishing a parliamentary republic; it was abrogated in 1958.

The Indus Waters Treaty was signed in 1960 between Pakistan and India with World Bank involvement; western rivers went mainly to Pakistan and eastern rivers to India.

K2 (8,611 m) is Pakistan's highest peak and the world's second-highest; it lies in the Karakoram range.

Pakistan conducted nuclear tests at Chagai, Balochistan, on 28 May 1998; the day is observed as Youm-e-Takbeer.

Pakistan has four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan; Islamabad Capital Territory is separate.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; compound subjects joined by "and" normally take a plural verb.

Use "a" before consonant sounds and "an" before vowel sounds, based on pronunciation, not spelling (an hour, a university).

Active voice: the subject performs the action; passive voice: the object becomes subject and the agent is optional.

A comma splice joins two independent clauses with only a comma; fix it with a conjunction, semicolon, or separate sentence.

"Fewer" modifies countable nouns; "less" modifies uncountable nouns in formal usage.

The 7 Cs of communication are clear, concise, concrete, correct, coherent, complete, and courteous.

"Their" is possessive; "there" indicates place or existence; "they're" is the contraction of "they are".

Place a modifier next to the word it modifies; a dangling modifier lacks a logical subject in the main clause.

The United Nations has 193 member states; the Security Council has five permanent members with veto power: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The Sustainable Development Goals comprise 17 goals and 169 targets, with a target year of 2030.

The Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015 under the UNFCCC; it aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C.

CPEC is a flagship corridor of China's Belt and Road Initiative, linking Kashgar to Gwadar through transport and energy projects.

The IMF and World Bank are Bretton Woods institutions headquartered in Washington, DC; the IMF focuses on balance-of-payments stability.

The OIC has 57 member states and is headquartered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

SAARC has eight member states: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka; its secretariat is in Kathmandu.

BRICS is a grouping of major emerging economies that began with Brazil, Russia, India, and China, later adding South Africa.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes in binary convention, though storage marketing often uses 1000.

RAM is volatile working memory; ROM is non-volatile and retains firmware and startup instructions.

An IP address identifies a device on a network; IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses.

HTTP is an application-layer protocol for web transfer; HTTPS adds TLS encryption.

Phishing is a social-engineering attack that tricks users into revealing credentials through fraudulent messages or websites.

A spreadsheet formula begins with "="; relative references such as A1 change when copied, while absolute references such as $A$1 do not.

The 3-2-1 backup rule: keep 3 copies, on 2 different media, with 1 copy off-site.

In relational databases, a primary key uniquely identifies each row; a foreign key references a primary key in another table.

The Five Pillars of Islam are Shahadah, Salah, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj.

The Qur'an has 114 surahs; the longest is Al-Baqarah, and the first revealed verses are from Surah Al-Alaq.

The Hijra, the migration of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) from Makkah to Madinah, occurred in 622 CE and marks the start of the Islamic calendar.

Zakat is an obligatory annual levy of 2.5% on qualifying wealth held for one lunar year above the nisab threshold.

Bloom's revised taxonomy has six cognitive levels: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create.

Formative assessment is ongoing and feedback-focused; summative assessment measures achievement at the end of instruction.

Professional teaching ethics require confidentiality, fairness, avoidance of discrimination, and no exploitation of students.

In Piaget's theory, concrete operational children (about 7–11 years) can conserve and classify but struggle with abstract hypothetical reasoning.