PPSC Lecturer flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Falsifiability

A scientific hypothesis must be testable and capable of being proven false by evidence; claims that cannot be contradicted by any observation are not empirical science.

Primary source

A primary source provides original, firsthand evidence such as raw data, diaries, artifacts, or official records, whereas secondary sources interpret or summarize such materials.

Reliability versus validity

Reliability is the consistency of a measurement across repeated trials, while validity is the degree to which an instrument actually measures the intended construct.

Correlation and causation

Correlation indicates that two variables vary together, but it does not prove that one causes the other; confounding variables may explain the association.

Standard deviation

A measure of dispersion that shows how far values typically lie from the mean; a small standard deviation means data cluster closely around the average.

Peer review

A quality-control process in which independent experts evaluate a manuscript's methods, evidence, and conclusions before it is accepted for publication.

Lahore Resolution 1940

Passed on 23 March 1940, it demanded independent states in Muslim-majority regions of British India and is considered a foundational step toward Pakistan.

Objectives Resolution 1949

Adopted on 12 March 1949, it declared sovereignty belongs to Allah and laid down Islamic and democratic principles later incorporated into Pakistan's constitutions.

First Constitution of Pakistan

Enforced on 23 March 1956, it established Pakistan as a parliamentary republic with a unicameral legislature; it was abrogated after the 1958 military takeover.

Indus Waters Treaty

Signed in 1960 by Pakistan and India with World Bank involvement, it divided the Indus basin rivers, giving western rivers mainly to Pakistan and eastern rivers to India.

K2

K2, at 8,611 metres, is Pakistan's highest mountain and the world's second-highest; it lies in the Karakoram range near the China border.

Subject-verb agreement

A singular subject requires a singular verb and a plural subject requires a plural verb; compound subjects joined by "and" normally take a plural verb.

Comma splice

An error in which two independent clauses are joined only by a comma; it is corrected with a conjunction, a semicolon, or a full stop.

Active versus passive voice

In active voice the subject performs the action, while in passive voice the object becomes the grammatical subject and the original agent may be omitted.

Dangling modifier

A modifier that lacks a logical word to describe, often because the intended subject is missing from the main clause, producing an unclear or absurd sentence.

The 7 Cs of communication

Clear, concise, concrete, correct, coherent, complete, and courteous: seven qualities that make professional messages effective and easy for the receiver to act on.

UN Security Council veto

The five permanent members-China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States-can block any substantive Security Council resolution by a negative vote.

Sustainable Development Goals

Seventeen UN goals adopted in 2015 with 169 targets, to be achieved by 2030, covering poverty, health, education, equality, environment, and partnerships.

Paris Agreement 2015

A UNFCCC treaty adopted in 2015 in which countries pledge to limit global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C, through nationally determined contributions.

CPEC

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a Belt and Road Initiative flagship linking Kashgar to Gwadar through transport, energy, and industrial projects in Pakistan.

Byte and bit

One byte consists of eight bits; a bit is the smallest binary unit, represented as 0 or 1, and is the basic unit of digital information.

RAM versus ROM

RAM is volatile working memory that loses data when power is off, while ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores firmware and startup instructions.

IPv4 versus IPv6

IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, allowing about 4.3 billion unique addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses and vastly expands the available address space.

HTTPS

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure encrypts web traffic using TLS, protecting data such as passwords and payment details from interception between browser and server.

Phishing

A social-engineering attack in which fraudulent emails, messages, or websites trick users into revealing passwords, financial details, or other sensitive information.

Primary key

In a relational database, a primary key is a column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each row and cannot contain duplicate or null values.

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahadah (faith), Salah (prayer), Zakat (almsgiving), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah) are the five obligatory acts of worship.

Zakat rate

Zakat is an obligatory annual payment of 2.5 percent on qualifying wealth that has been held for one lunar year above the nisab threshold.

Hijra 622 CE

The migration of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) from Makkah to Madinah in 622 CE marks the beginning of the Islamic lunar calendar.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

A six-level hierarchy of cognitive objectives: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create, used to design instruction and assessment tasks of increasing complexity.

Formative assessment

Ongoing assessment used during instruction to provide feedback and adjust teaching, in contrast to summative assessment, which measures achievement at the end of a unit.

Professional teaching ethics

Teachers must maintain confidentiality, treat students fairly without discrimination, avoid exploitation, and model honesty and respect in all professional relationships.