PPSC One-Paper MCQ cheat sheet

Subject-verb agreement: a compound subject joined by 'and' takes a plural verb, but a compound subject joined by 'or/nor' agrees with the nearer noun.

Restrictive clauses take 'that' with no commas; non-restrictive clauses take 'which' with commas.

Active voice: subject performs the action; passive voice: object becomes subject and the doer is optional (by + agent).

Common preposition pairs: 'comprise' takes no 'of'; 'superior/inferior/prior' take 'to'; 'prefer' takes 'to'; 'consist of' is correct.

Direct to indirect speech: present tense shifts to past, 'this' to 'that', 'today' to 'that day', and question order becomes statement order.

Idiom choice rule: 'a few' = some countable items; 'few' = almost none; 'little' = small amount uncountable; 'a little' = some amount.

Gerund after prepositions and after verbs like enjoy, avoid, suggest, mind; infinitive after want, decide, hope, manage.

Synonym/antonym questions: eliminate options that differ in part of speech or connotation before choosing.

اردو قواعد میں اسم کی اقسام: اسمِ ذات، اسمِ صفت، اسمِ ضمیر، اسمِ موصول، اسمِ اشارہ۔

فعل کے زمانے: ماضی مطلق، ماضی استمراری، ماضی بعید، حال مطلق، حال استمراری، مستقبل۔

مذکر و مؤنث کی پہچان: بعض الفاظ سماعت سے معلوم ہوتے ہیں، جیسے 'کتاب' مؤنث اور 'قلم' مذکر ہے۔

واحد سے جمع: الفاظ کے آخر میں 'یں' یا 'ات' لگانے کے قواعد، جیسے لڑکا سے لڑکے، کتاب سے کتابیں۔

محاورہ اور ضرب المثل میں فرق: محاورہ الفاظ کا ایسا مجموعہ ہے جس کا معنی لفظی نہ ہو؛ ضرب المثل مکمل جملہ ہوتی ہے۔

علمِ بیان کے اجزاء: تشبیہ، استعارہ، مجازِ مرسل، کنایہ؛ علمِ بدیع میں صنعتیں جیسے تضاد، مراعاتِ نظیر، حسنِ تعلیل۔

املا کی درستی: 'خوش آمدید' دو لفظ ہیں، 'بہرحال' ملا کر لکھا جاتا ہے، اور 'کیونکہ' ایک لفظ ہے۔

شاعری کی اصطلاحات: بحر، تقطیع، ردیف، قافیہ، مطلع، مقطع، غزل اور نظم کی تعریف۔

ارکانِ اسلام پانچ ہیں: شہادت، نماز، روزہ، زکوٰۃ، حج۔

زکوٰۃ کی شرح 2.5 فیصد ہے اور نصاب کا سال مکمل ہونا شرط ہے۔

قرآن مجید کی سورتوں کی تعداد 114 ہے؛ سب سے لمبی سورت البقرہ اور سب سے چھوٹی سورت الکوثر ہے۔

حضرت محمد ﷺ کی ولادت 570ء (عام الفیل) میں مکہ میں ہوئی؛ ہجرت 622ء میں مدینہ کی طرف ہوئی۔

غزوات: بدر 2 ہجری، احد 3 ہجری، خندق 5 ہجری، فتح مکہ 8 ہجری۔

Non-Muslim candidates (Ethics section): core ethical principles include honesty, justice, beneficence, non-maleficence, and respect for persons; these are universal and not tied to one religion.

Ethics terminology: 'normative ethics' prescribes right action; 'meta-ethics' analyses moral language; 'applied ethics' addresses concrete issues like medical or environmental ethics.

Logical fallacies in ethics: appeal to authority, slippery slope, false dilemma, and ad hominem arguments are invalid forms of moral reasoning.

قراردادِ لاہور (23 مارچ 1940) میں مسلم لیگ نے علیحدہ وطن کا مطالبہ کیا؛ اس کی صدارت سر فضلِ حق پہاڑی نے کی۔

قائداعظم محمد علی جناح 25 دسمبر 1876 کو کراچی میں پیدا ہوئے اور 11 ستمبر 1948 کو وفات پائی۔

پاکستان 14 اگست 1947 کو آزاد ہوا؛ پہلا آئین 1956 میں، دوسرا 1962 میں اور تیسرا 1973 میں نافذ ہوا۔

پاکستان کے چار صوبے: پنجاب، سندھ، خیبر پختونخوا، بلوچستان؛ وفاقی دارالحکومت اسلام آباد ہے۔

تحریکِ پاکستان کے اہم سنگِ میل: 1857 کی جنگِ آزادی، 1906 قیامِ مسلم لیگ، 1909 منٹو مارلے اصلاحات، 1916 لکھنؤ معاہدہ، 1930 خطبۂ الہ آباد، 1933 نامِ پاکستان تجویز۔

پاکستان کا قومی ترانہ 1954 میں منظور ہوا؛ اس کے خالق حفیظ جالندھری اور موسیقار احمد غلام چھاگلہ ہیں۔

دریائے سندھ پاکستان کا سب سے لمبا دریا ہے؛ دریائے جہلم، چناب، راوی اور ستلج اس کے معاون دریا ہیں۔

International organisations: UN founded 1945, headquarters New York; SAARC founded 1985, secretariat Kathmandu; OIC founded 1969, secretariat Jeddah.

Pakistan joined the United Nations on 30 September 1947, shortly after independence.

IMF and World Bank were established at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference; both have headquarters in Washington, D.C.

CPEC is part of China's Belt and Road Initiative and connects Gwadar Port to Kashgar via road, rail, and pipelines.

Nuclear Suppliers Group, FATF, and SCO are key forums where Pakistan's diplomatic status is discussed; SCO membership was granted in 2017.

Climate summits are labelled by year (COP28 in Dubai 2023, COP29 in Baku 2024); follow official UNFCCC announcements for exact outcomes.

For exam accuracy, verify current office-holders and dates against official sources; do not rely on memorised lists that change frequently.

Speed of light in vacuum ≈ 3 × 10^8 m/s; speed of sound in air ≈ 343 m/s at 20 °C.

Water boils at 100 °C at sea level; boiling point falls with altitude because atmospheric pressure decreases.

Human body: 206 bones in adults, 32 teeth in adults, normal body temperature ≈ 37 °C, blood pH ≈ 7.4.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts.

Newton's three laws: inertia, F = ma, and equal-opposite reaction; weight = mass × gravitational acceleration.

SI base units: metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela.

Blood groups: A, B, AB, O with Rh factor; O negative is the universal donor for red cells, AB positive the universal recipient.

Gas laws: Boyle's law PV = constant at constant T; Charles's law V/T = constant at constant P.

Percentage change = (new − old) / old × 100; successive percentage changes multiply: (1 + a)(1 + b) − 1.

Simple interest = P × R × T / 100; compound amount = P(1 + R/100)^T.

Average = sum of values / number of values; if a value is added, new average = (old sum + new value) / (n + 1).

Ratio and proportion: if a : b = c : d then ad = bc; divide a quantity Q in ratio a : b as Qa/(a+b) and Qb/(a+b).

Work problems: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they finish in xy/(x + y) days.

Speed = distance / time; for round trips with speeds u and v, average speed = 2uv/(u + v).

Permutation nPr = n!/(n−r)!; combination nCr = n!/(r!(n−r)!); probability = favourable outcomes / total outcomes.

Area formulas: rectangle lw, triangle ½bh, circle πr²; volume of cylinder πr²h, sphere (4/3)πr³.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB.

RAM is volatile working memory; ROM is non-volatile and stores firmware such as the BIOS/UEFI.

OSI model has seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application.

IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses; IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses; DNS maps domain names to IP addresses.

Shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Alt+Tab switch apps.

Malware categories: virus (attaches to files), worm (self-replicates over networks), trojan (disguised as legitimate), ransomware (encrypts data for payment).

HTTP is stateless; HTTPS adds TLS encryption on port 443; HTTP default port is 80.

Spreadsheet reference types: relative (A1), absolute ($A$1), and mixed ($A1 or A$1).

Earth's layers: crust, mantle, outer core (liquid), inner core (solid); Moho discontinuity separates crust from mantle.

Longitude lines run pole to pole and determine time zones; 15° of longitude equals one hour of time difference.

Tropic of Cancer at 23.5° N, Tropic of Capricorn at 23.5° S, Equator at 0°, Arctic Circle at 66.5° N.

World history milestones: 1789 French Revolution, 1914–1918 World War I, 1939–1945 World War II, 1945 founding of the UN.

Major deserts: Sahara (Africa, largest hot desert), Thar (Pakistan/India), Gobi (Asia), Atacama (South America, driest).

Rivers: Nile (Africa, longest), Amazon (largest by discharge), Indus (Pakistan), Yangtze (China, longest in Asia).

Mountain ranges: Himalayas (highest, K2 and Everest), Andes (longest continental range), Karakoram (contains K2).

Pakistan's neighbours: India (east), China (north), Afghanistan (northwest), Iran (southwest); Arabian Sea to the south.

Valid argument forms: modus ponens (P→Q, P ∴ Q) and modus tollens (P→Q, ¬Q ∴ ¬P).

Invalid forms: affirming the consequent (P→Q, Q ∴ P) and denying the antecedent (P→Q, ¬P ∴ ¬Q).

Contrapositive of P→Q is ¬Q→¬P and is logically equivalent; converse (Q→P) and inverse (¬P→¬Q) are not.

De Morgan's laws: ¬(P ∧ Q) = ¬P ∨ ¬Q; ¬(P ∨ Q) = ¬P ∧ ¬Q.

Syllogism rule: in a valid categorical syllogism, the middle term must be distributed at least once and no term may be distributed in the conclusion if undistributed in the premise.

Seating arrangement problems: fix one person as reference, then place others clockwise or anticlockwise; check left/right relative to facing direction.

Series completion: identify the operation pattern (add, multiply, square, alternate) between consecutive terms before predicting the next term.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with symbols (+ male, − female, = spouse, | child); never assume gender from a name.