GAT (Qudurat) cheat sheet

Synonym items: the correct option must preserve the exact sense of the stem word in context; a related topic word is not automatically a synonym.

Antonym items: negate the stem word's core meaning; test the dominant sense because a word can be opposite in one sense and unrelated in another.

Analogy items: express the stem pair as a precise relation such as tool-to-function, part-to-whole, or cause-to-effect before comparing answer pairs.

Sentence completion: contrast connectors such as but, although, and however signal a change of direction; cause-result connectors such as because and therefore preserve direction.

Reading comprehension: the main idea must cover the whole passage; a true detail from one sentence is not automatically the main idea.

Inference: an answer is valid only if it must follow from the passage, not merely be plausible in real life or consistent with outside knowledge.

Grammar: a verb agrees with its subject, not with a noun in a prepositional phrase between the subject and verb.

Pronoun reference: a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number and gender and must refer to a clear noun phrase.

Percent change = ((new value - old value) / old value) × 100; the denominator is always the original amount.

Average = sum of values / number of values; sum = average × number of values.

If a ratio is a:b, actual quantities can be written as ak and bk for the same positive scale factor k.

Rectangle area = length × width; triangle area = 1/2 × base × height; circle area = πr^2.

Right triangle: a^2 + b^2 = c^2, where c is the hypotenuse; common triples include 3-4-5 and 5-12-13.

Probability of an event = favorable outcomes / total outcomes when outcomes are equally likely; P(not A) = 1 - P(A).

Exponent rules: x^a × x^b = x^(a+b); (x^a)^b = x^(ab); x^0 = 1 for x ≠ 0.

Slope between (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) = (y2 - y1)/(x2 - x1); a horizontal line has slope 0, and a vertical line has undefined slope.