TExES Core Subjects EC-6 (391) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Phonemic awareness

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual phonemes, the smallest units of spoken sound, such as blending /c/ /a/ /t/ into cat.

Alphabetic principle

The understanding that spoken words are composed of sounds represented by letters and letter patterns in a predictable, learnable system.

Simple View of Reading

A model stating reading comprehension equals decoding skill multiplied by linguistic comprehension, so a deficit in either area limits overall understanding.

Running record

An assessment in which a teacher records a student's oral reading errors and self-corrections to measure accuracy, fluency, and use of meaning, structure, and visual cues.

Six Traits of Writing

A framework for describing and assessing writing through ideas, organization, voice, word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions.

Place value

The principle that a digit's value depends on its position; each place is ten times the value of the place to its right.

Distributive property

The rule that multiplying a number by a sum equals the sum of the products: a times (b plus c) equals ab plus ac.

Order of operations

The agreed sequence for evaluating expressions: grouping symbols, exponents, multiplication and division left to right, then addition and subtraction left to right.

Equivalent fractions

Fractions that name the same quantity, produced by multiplying or dividing numerator and denominator by the same nonzero number.

Mean and median

The mean is the sum of values divided by their count; the median is the middle value of an ordered data set.

Triangle area formula

The area of a triangle equals one-half times its base times its height, written A equals one-half b h.

Metric prefixes

Kilo means one thousand, centi means one hundredth, and milli means one thousandth, so units convert by shifting the decimal three or two places.

Checks and balances

The constitutional arrangement letting each branch limit the others, such as a presidential veto or judicial review of laws.

Federalism

A system dividing governing power between a national government and state governments, with the Tenth Amendment reserving unlisted powers to states or people.

Five themes of geography

Location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region: a framework for organizing geographic study of Earth and its people.

Primary source

A firsthand record created during the period studied, such as a letter, diary, photograph, or artifact, used as direct evidence.

Latitude versus longitude

Latitude lines run east-west and measure distance north or south of the equator; longitude lines run north-south and measure distance east or west of the prime meridian.

Independent variable

The factor a researcher deliberately changes in a controlled experiment, while the dependent variable is the measured outcome.

Water cycle stages

Evaporation and transpiration lift water vapor, condensation forms clouds, precipitation returns water to Earth, and runoff collects it in bodies of water.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to make glucose and release oxygen.

Energy in food chains

Energy flows from producers to consumers to decomposers, with roughly ten percent transferred to each successive trophic level.

Earth's layers

From outside inward: crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core; the rocky crust and mantle sit above a liquid outer core and solid inner core.

Elements of art

The basic visual building blocks: line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space, used to create and describe artworks.

Primary and secondary colors

In pigment, red, yellow, and blue are primary; mixing two primaries makes a secondary color: orange, green, or violet.

Pitch and dynamics

Pitch is how high or low a sound is, determined by frequency; dynamics is how loud or soft it is, determined by amplitude.

Instrument families

Orchestral instruments are grouped as strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion, classified by how sound is produced.

Locomotor movements

Dance and physical education movements that travel through space, such as walking, running, jumping, hopping, skipping, and galloping.

Health-related fitness components

Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition: the five dimensions of fitness tied to health outcomes.

FITT principle

A formula for planning exercise by Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type of activity to build and maintain fitness safely.

Target heart rate

A training range estimated as 60 to 80 percent of maximum heart rate, where maximum heart rate is roughly 220 minus age.

Skill-related fitness

Components supporting athletic performance: agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed.

Communicable disease prevention

Illnesses caused by pathogens spread by contact, droplets, or vectors; routine handwashing and covering coughs reduce transmission.