DC CAPE 2.0 Science Grade 5 cheat sheet

A scientific question must be testable and measurable; questions about opinions or the supernatural are not testable by science.

An observation uses the five senses or measurement tools; an inference is a logical explanation based on observations.

A hypothesis is a testable prediction often written as an 'if...then...' statement.

In a controlled experiment, the independent variable is changed, the dependent variable is measured, and all other variables are kept constant.

A model is a simplified representation of a system; models can be physical, mathematical, or computer-based and have limitations.

A prediction states what will happen in a future event based on prior knowledge or evidence.

Data analysis includes identifying patterns, calculating averages, and comparing results to predictions.

A scientific argument uses evidence and reasoning to support or refute a claim; evidence must be relevant and reliable.

Communication in science includes recording data accurately, using tables and graphs, and explaining results clearly to others.

The engineering design process is iterative: define a problem, research, imagine solutions, plan, create a prototype, test, and improve.

Criteria are the requirements a design must meet; constraints are limits such as time, money, materials, or safety.

A prototype is a working model used to test and improve a design before final production.

Trade-offs occur when improving one aspect of a design may worsen another; engineers balance criteria and constraints.

Testing a prototype involves collecting data on how well it meets criteria and identifying failure points.

Optimization means making a design as effective as possible within given constraints, often through repeated testing and modification.

Engineers communicate solutions using drawings, models, and written reports that include test data and design rationale.

Matter is made of particles too small to see; the amount of matter is conserved when it changes form, even in a closed system.

During a chemical change, new substances with different properties are formed; during a physical change, the substance's identity remains the same.

Energy can be transferred from place to place by sound, light, heat, and electric currents; energy can be converted from one form to another.

The Sun's energy reaches Earth as light and is transferred to matter, causing changes such as melting, evaporation, and plant growth.

Earth's major systems are the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere; these systems interact in complex ways.

Water cycles through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection; the Sun provides the energy that drives the water cycle.

Organisms interact with each other and their environment; matter cycles and energy flows through food webs.

Earth's gravitational force pulls objects toward its center; the Moon's gravitational pull causes tides.

The solar system includes the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, and comets; the Sun is a star that provides light and heat to the solar system.