ISAT Science Grade 5 cheat sheet

Matter is anything with mass and volume. Solids have fixed shape and volume, liquids have fixed volume but flow, and gases spread to fill their container.

A physical change alters size, shape, or state without forming a new substance. A chemical change forms a new substance and may show color change, gas, heat, light, or a new smell.

A mixture combines substances without chemical bonding. A solution is a uniform mixture, and mixtures can be separated by filtering, sorting, evaporating, or magnetism.

Speed equals distance divided by time. Average speed uses total distance and total time, with units such as meters per second or kilometers per hour.

A force is a push or pull with strength and direction. Balanced forces do not change motion, while unbalanced forces can start, stop, speed up, slow down, or turn an object.

Energy can be transferred or transformed but is not created or destroyed in ordinary events. Heat naturally flows from warmer objects to cooler objects.

A closed electric circuit needs an energy source, conducting path, and load. Conductors allow current to flow easily, while insulators resist current.

Light travels in straight lines and can reflect off surfaces or refract when entering a new material. Sound is produced by vibrations and travels through solids, liquids, and gases.

The cell is the smallest living unit. Unicellular organisms have one cell, while multicellular organisms have many specialized cells.

Organisms need energy, water, gases, and suitable space. Plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make sugar and release oxygen during photosynthesis.

A food chain traces energy from producers to consumers to decomposers. Arrows point toward the organism that receives the energy.

An ecosystem includes living organisms and nonliving parts such as water, soil, air, and sunlight. Organisms compete for limited resources.

Adaptations are body parts or behaviors that help organisms survive in their environments. Examples include thick fur, camouflage, migration, and deep roots.

Life cycles are stages an organism passes through from birth or seed to adulthood and reproduction. Some animals undergo complete or incomplete metamorphosis.

Inherited traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Learned traits come from experience or practice and are not passed through genes.

Body systems interact: the digestive system breaks down food, the circulatory system transports materials, and the respiratory system exchanges gases.

Rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. The rock cycle shows how heat, pressure, melting, cooling, weathering, erosion, and deposition change rocks.

Weathering breaks rock into smaller pieces without moving them. Erosion moves weathered material, and deposition occurs when eroded material settles in a new place.

The water cycle includes evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection. The Sun supplies energy that drives evaporation and weather patterns.

Weather is the short-term condition of the atmosphere, while climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a region.

Earth rotates on its axis about once every 24 hours, causing day and night. Earth revolves around the Sun about once every 365 days, and its tilted axis causes seasons.

The Sun is a star at the center of the solar system. Planets orbit the Sun, and the Moon orbits Earth, showing phases as its lit side is viewed from Earth.

Natural resources include water, soil, minerals, forests, and fossil fuels. Renewable resources can be replaced within a useful time, while nonrenewable resources cannot.

Earth has layers: crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Slow movements of tectonic plates can cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation.

The engineering design process is cyclical: define a problem, gather information, plan a solution, build a prototype, test it, improve it, and communicate results.

Criteria are requirements a design must meet, such as size, cost, safety, or speed. Constraints are limits such as available materials, time, budget, or space.

A prototype is a working model used to test ideas. A model represents something too large, small, costly, or dangerous to observe directly.

A fair test changes one variable at a time and keeps other conditions the same so results can be compared.

Measurements need appropriate tools and units. Repeated trials help show whether results are consistent rather than due to chance.

Trade-offs occur when improving one feature of a design causes a disadvantage in another feature.

Design decisions should be based on evidence from tests. Data can be recorded in tables and displayed in graphs to reveal patterns.

Safety rules and material properties affect design choices. Tools should be used correctly for cutting, joining, measuring, or shaping materials.