EmSAT Achieve flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Sun and moon letters
- In Arabic, sun letters cause the lam of the definite article to assimilate in pronunciation, while moon letters keep the lam audible.
- Idafa construction
- An Arabic possessive structure joining two nouns, where the first noun takes no definite article or tanwin and the second is genitive.
- Broken plural agreement
- Non-human broken plurals in Arabic are treated as feminine singular, so their verbs and adjectives take feminine singular forms.
- Hamza seat rule
- The hamza seat follows the stronger adjacent vowel, with kasra giving ي, damma giving و, and fatha giving ا.
- Verb-subject order in Arabic
- When the verb precedes its subject, the verb remains singular in form even if the subject is dual or plural.
- Arabic case endings
- Nouns show nominative with damma, accusative with fatha, and genitive with kasra; duals use ان in nominative and ين otherwise.
- Root and pattern
- Most Arabic words derive from a three-consonant root placed into a morphological pattern that determines meaning and grammatical category.
- Tanwin function
- The doubled final vowel mark indicates an indefinite noun, distinguishing it from a definite noun marked by the article.
- Present perfect tense
- Formed with has or have plus a past participle, it connects a past action to the present and contrasts with simple past.
- Passive voice formation
- The passive uses a form of be plus the past participle and is possible only with verbs that take a direct object.
- Non-defining relative clause
- A clause set off by commas that adds extra information about a noun and cannot be introduced by the word that.
- Third conditional
- An unreal past conditional using if plus past perfect in the clause and would have plus past participle in the result.
- Parallel structure
- Items joined by conjunctions must share the same grammatical form, such as all infinitives or all gerunds.
- Subject-verb agreement trap
- The verb agrees with the head noun of the subject, ignoring intervening prepositional phrases that contain other nouns.
- Inference question
- A reading question whose answer follows logically from the passage but is not stated explicitly in its wording.
- Main idea
- The central claim covering the entire passage rather than a single supporting detail from one paragraph.
- Quadratic formula
- For ax squared plus bx plus c equals zero, x equals negative b plus or minus the square root of b squared minus 4ac, all over 2a.
- Discriminant
- The value b squared minus 4ac; positive gives two real roots, zero gives one, and negative gives no real roots.
- Perpendicular slopes
- Two lines are perpendicular when the product of their slopes equals negative one, so one slope is the negative reciprocal.
- Negative exponent rule
- A base raised to a negative exponent equals the reciprocal of that base raised to the corresponding positive exponent.
- Distance formula
- The distance between two points equals the square root of the sum of the squared differences of their x and y coordinates.
- Percent change
- Percent change equals new value minus old value, divided by old value, multiplied by one hundred.
- Median versus mean
- The median is the middle ordered value and resists outliers, while the mean averages all values and shifts with extremes.
- Trapezoid area
- The area of a trapezoid equals one half the height times the sum of the two parallel base lengths.
- Newton's second law
- Net force equals mass times acceleration, so doubling the mass halves the acceleration for a fixed applied force.
- Weight versus mass
- Mass is the invariant amount of matter, while weight is the gravitational force on that mass, equal to mg.
- Kinetic energy
- Kinetic energy equals one half mass times velocity squared, so doubling velocity quadruples the energy.
- Ohm's law
- Voltage equals current times resistance; in a series circuit resistances add, while parallel branches reduce total resistance.
- pH scale
- A scale where values below seven are acidic, seven is neutral, and each unit represents a tenfold change in hydrogen-ion concentration.
- Ionic versus covalent bonds
- Ionic bonds transfer electrons between a metal and a nonmetal, while covalent bonds share electrons between nonmetals.
- Photosynthesis equation
- Six carbon dioxide molecules plus six water molecules and light yield one glucose and six oxygen molecules inside chloroplasts.
- DNA base pairing
- Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine, and the sequence is transcribed to mRNA then translated into protein.