EmSAT Achieve key terms

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context, such as 'begin' and 'start'.

A word whose meaning is opposite to another word, such as 'hot' and 'cold'. Recognizing opposites helps clarify meaning in reading passages.

Information in the surrounding words or sentences that helps a reader work out the meaning of an unfamiliar word.

A conclusion drawn from evidence in a text rather than stated directly. Readers combine clues with prior knowledge to reach it.

The central point that a paragraph or passage is built around. Supporting details explain, illustrate, or prove it.

A sentence, usually near the start of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's main point and controls what follows.

A fact, example, reason, or statistic that explains or strengthens the main idea of a text.

The attitude a writer expresses toward the subject or audience, conveyed through word choice and sentence style, for example humorous, critical, or formal.

The feelings or associations a word carries beyond its literal meaning, such as the negative shade of 'cheap' compared with 'inexpensive'.

The literal, dictionary meaning of a word, separate from any emotional associations it may carry.

A word or phrase such as 'however', 'therefore', or 'in addition' that shows how two ideas are connected.

The quality of a text in which ideas are logically ordered and clearly linked, so the reader can follow the argument without confusion.

The grammar rule that a verb must match its subject in number, so a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb.

A group of words containing a subject and a verb. An independent clause expresses a complete thought; a dependent clause does not.

A group of related words that functions as a unit within a sentence but lacks either a subject or a verb, such as 'in the morning'.

همزة تُكتب في وسط الكلمة وتُضبط حركتها حسب أقوى الحركتين: الكسرة ثم الضمة ثم الفتحة ثم السكون، مثل كلمة «سُئِل».

همزة تقع في آخر الكلمة، وتُكتب على ألف أو واو أو ياء أو مفردة بحسب حركة الحرف الذي قبلها، مثل «مبدأ» و«لؤلؤ» و«شاطئ».

التاء المربوطة تُكتب «ة» وتُنطق هاءً عند الوقف مثل «مدرسة»، أما المفتوحة فتُكتب «ت» وتُنطق تاءً دائماً مثل «بيت».

أقسام الفعل في العربية بحسب الزمن: الماضي يدل على حدث انتهى، والمضارع على حدث جارٍ أو مستقبل، والأمر على طلب حدوث الفعل.

الفاعل هو من قام بالفعل ويكون مرفوعاً، والمفعول به هو من وقع عليه الفعل ويكون منصوباً في الجملة الفعلية.

الجملة الاسمية تبدأ باسم وتتكون من مبتدأ وخبر، والجملة الفعلية تبدأ بفعل وتضم فاعلاً وقد يتبعها مفعول به.

المترادف ألفاظ تتقارب في المعنى مثل «سعيد» و«فرحان»، والأضداد ألفاظ تتعارض في المعنى مثل «كبير» و«صغير».

A whole number greater than 1 whose only positive divisors are 1 and itself, such as 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11.

A number that divides another number exactly, leaving no remainder. For example, 3 and 4 are factors of 12.

The result of multiplying a number by a whole number. Multiples of 5 include 5, 10, 15, and 20.

A whole number greater than 1 that has more than two positive factors, such as 4, 9, or 12.

The smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or more given numbers. For 4 and 6 the least common multiple is 12.

The largest number that divides two or more given numbers exactly. For 18 and 24 the greatest common factor is 6.

A comparison of two quantities by division, often written as a fraction or with a colon, such as 3:5.

An equation stating that two ratios are equal, used to solve problems about scaling, such as 2/3 = x/9.

A number expressed as a part of 100, written with the percent sign. For example, 45% means 45 out of every 100.

An equation in which each variable appears to the first power, so its graph is a straight line, such as y = 2x + 3.

A measure of how steep a line is, calculated as the change in y divided by the change in x between two points.

A letter or symbol that stands for an unknown or changing value in an expression or equation, such as x in 3x + 5.

The number that multiplies a variable in an algebraic term. In 7x the coefficient is 7.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen.

The green pigment in plant cells that absorbs light energy used during photosynthesis.

The process in cells that releases energy from glucose, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide and water.

The smallest unit of an element that keeps the properties of that element, made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Two or more atoms chemically bonded together, such as a water molecule made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

A substance formed when atoms of two or more different elements are chemically joined in fixed proportions, such as sodium chloride.

A push or pull that can change an object's speed, direction, or shape, measured in newtons.

The rate at which velocity changes over time, either by speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.

The speed of an object in a stated direction, which makes it a vector quantity.

A force that opposes motion when two surfaces rub together, converting some kinetic energy into heat.

A community of living organisms interacting with each other and with the non-living parts of their environment, such as soil, water, and air.

A sequence showing how energy passes from one organism to another as each is eaten, starting with a producer.

An organism, usually a plant or alga, that makes its own food using sunlight and so forms the base of a food chain.