Armenia Grade 12 State Leaving Exam cheat sheet

Armenian has its own alphabet of 38 letters, created by Mesrop Mashtots in 405 CE; each letter has a distinct uppercase and lowercase form.

Vowels in Armenian are ա, ե, է, ը, ի, ո, օ (seven); the letter և is a ligature read as 'yev'.

Grammatical cases in Armenian number seven: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, instrumental, locative.

Armenian has no grammatical gender; the same pronoun նա serves for 'he', 'she', and 'it'.

Verb conjugation marks person and number; the negative particle is չ-, placed before the verb (չգրեցի = 'I did not write').

Classical literature begins with the 5th-century 'History of Armenia' by Movses Khorenatsi and the writings of Yeghishe and Koryun.

The epic 'Sasna Tsrer' (David of Sassoun) is Armenia's national folk epic, transmitted orally and first recorded in the 19th century.

Hovhannes Tumanyan (1869-1923) is regarded as the national poet; Yeghishe Charents pioneered 20th-century Armenian modernism.

A literary analysis answer typically names the work, author, period, theme, and one supporting quotation or image from the text.

Quadratic formula: for ax² + bx + c = 0, x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / 2a; the discriminant b² − 4ac decides two, one, or no real roots.

Vieta's relations: x₁ + x₂ = −b/a and x₁·x₂ = c/a for a quadratic with real roots.

Arithmetic progression: aₙ = a₁ + (n−1)d; sum Sₙ = n(a₁ + aₙ)/2. Geometric: aₙ = a₁·qⁿ⁻¹; Sₙ = a₁(qⁿ − 1)/(q − 1) for q ≠ 1.

Derivative rules: (xⁿ)' = n·xⁿ⁻¹, (sin x)' = cos x, (eˣ)' = eˣ, (ln x)' = 1/x, product rule (uv)' = u'v + uv'.

A function has an extremum where f′(x) = 0 and f′(x) changes sign; f″(x) > 0 indicates a local minimum.

Trigonometric identity: sin²x + cos²x = 1; also sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x and cos 2x = cos²x − sin²x.

Probability of independent events: P(A and B) = P(A)·P(B); for mutually exclusive events P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B).

Volume and surface area: sphere V = 4/3 πr³, S = 4πr²; cone V = 1/3 πr²h; cylinder V = πr²h.

Logarithm laws: log(xy) = log x + log y; log(x/y) = log x − log y; log(xᵏ) = k·log x.

Present perfect (have/has + past participle) links a past action to the present; simple past is used with a finished time expression such as 'yesterday'.

Conditionals: first (if + present, will + verb), second (if + past, would + verb), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle).

Passive voice is formed with be + past participle; the object of the active clause becomes the subject of the passive.

Reported speech shifts tense back one step and adjusts pronouns and time words ('today' becomes 'that day').

Relative clauses: use 'who' for people, 'which' for things, 'where' for places; non-defining clauses take commas.

Common preposition collocations: depend on, interested in, good at, afraid of, listen to, arrive at/in.

Modal verbs express degrees of certainty: must (strong), may/might (possible), can't (impossible) for present deduction.

Reading-comprehension answers should quote or paraphrase evidence from the passage rather than rely on outside knowledge.

The Kingdom of Urartu (9th-6th centuries BCE) centered on Van and left cuneiform inscriptions such as those of Sarduri and Argishti.

Armenia adopted Christianity as a state religion around 301 CE under King Trdat III, guided by Gregory the Illuminator.

Mesrop Mashtots created the Armenian alphabet in 405 CE, enabling translation of the Bible and a national literary culture.

The Battle of Avarayr (451 CE) pitted Vardan Mamikonian's forces against Sassanid Persia; it is commemorated as Vardanants.

The Bagratuni kingdom had its capital at Ani from 961 CE; Ani is called the 'city of a thousand and one churches'.

The Armenian Genocide of 1915-1917 under the Ottoman Empire killed an estimated 1.5 million Armenians; April 24 commemorates the victims.

The First Republic of Armenia was declared on May 28, 1918, after victory at Sardarapat; it was Sovietized in 1920.

Armenia regained independence on September 21, 1991, following a 1991 referendum; Yerevan is the capital.

Newton's second law: F = ma; weight is W = mg, with g ≈ 9.8 m/s² near Earth's surface.

Ohm's law: I = U/R; electric power P = UI = I²R = U²/R for a resistor.

Kinetic energy KE = ½mv²; gravitational potential energy near Earth PE = mgh; work W = F·d·cos θ.

The periodic table orders elements by atomic number; groups share valence-electron counts and thus chemical behavior.

Mole concept: 1 mol contains 6.022 × 10²³ particles; n = m/M and molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4 L/mol.

Acid-base neutralization: acid + base → salt + water; pH < 7 is acidic, pH = 7 neutral, pH > 7 basic.

DNA replication is semi-conservative; transcription makes mRNA from DNA, and translation at ribosomes builds protein from codons.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurring in chloroplasts; cellular respiration reverses it in mitochondria.

Armenia is a landlocked mountainous country; Mount Aragats (4,090 m) is its highest peak, and Lake Sevan is its largest lake.

The 1995 Constitution (amended 2005 and 2015) defines Armenia as a sovereign, democratic, social, and legal state.

Under the 2015 amendments Armenia became a parliamentary republic; the Prime Minister holds executive power and is chosen by the National Assembly.

The National Assembly is the unicameral legislature; its members serve five-year terms.

Separation of powers divides authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches, each checking the others.

A state governed by the rule of law binds government action to law and guarantees judicial independence and equality before the law.

Basic rights include suffrage from age 18, freedom of speech, conscience, and assembly; duties include paying taxes and obeying the law.

Social institutions (family, school, state) transmit norms and values; socialization is the process of learning them.

A market economy allocates goods through supply and demand; the state intervenes through taxes, regulation, and public services.

Local self-government in Armenia is exercised by communities (hamaynkner) through elected councils and community heads.