Armenia Grade 12 State Leaving Exam key terms

The 38-letter alphabet created by Mesrop Mashtots around 405 CE, with a fixed order and letter names. Its invention gave Armenians a written literature and helped preserve the language and church texts.

The classical Old Armenian literary language used from the 5th century in church, scholarship and law. It is no longer spoken but remains the language of liturgy and many historical texts studied in school.

Fifth-century monk and scholar who created the Armenian alphabet and founded schools of translation. He is a central cultural figure credited with launching Armenian written literature and the golden age of translation.

A traveling folk poet-singer who performs in verse with a stringed instrument, often improvising on love, exile and homeland. The tradition shaped Armenian oral poetry and is associated with figures such as Sayat-Nova.

An 18th-century Armenian ashugh born in Tbilisi, famous for love songs and poetic duels performed in several languages. He is a major figure of Armenian folk poetry and a symbol of multilingual Caucasian culture.

The body of oral folk culture including tales, legends, songs, proverbs and riddles passed between generations. It is studied as literature and as a record of popular beliefs and values.

A long narrative poem about heroic deeds and a community's origins, often mixing history with myth. Armenian tradition includes the epic cycle of David of Sassoun, recited orally over many generations.

The hero of the Armenian folk epic cycle set in Sassoun, who defeats enemies and defends his people. The epic was transmitted orally and is a core text of Armenian national literature.

The art of small painted illustrations in Armenian manuscripts, especially Gospels, produced in monasteries from the Middle Ages onward. It is studied as both visual art and evidence of cultural exchange.

The main repository of Armenian manuscripts in Yerevan, holding thousands of codices and documents. It functions as a research institute and is a national symbol of scholarship and cultural preservation.

A rule that assigns to each input value from a set exactly one output value. It is written as f(x) and can be described by a formula, table or graph used to model relationships between quantities.

The set of all input values for which a function is defined. Finding it means excluding values that cause division by zero or make an expression under an even root negative.

The set of all output values that a function actually produces as the input runs over its domain. It is read from the vertical spread of the graph or found by analyzing the formula.

The instantaneous rate of change of a function, equal to the slope of the tangent line at a point. It is used to find velocity, monotonicity and extrema of a function.

A point where a function reaches a local maximum or minimum. Candidates are found where the derivative is zero or undefined, then confirmed by testing the sign change of the derivative.

A sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by multiplying the previous term by a fixed nonzero number called the common ratio. Its terms grow or shrink exponentially.

A sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by adding a fixed number called the common difference. The difference between consecutive terms is constant.

A number from 0 to 1 measuring how likely an event is, computed for equally likely outcomes as favorable outcomes divided by total outcomes. It underlies statistics and risk reasoning.

The branch of mathematics that counts arrangements and selections of objects, using permutations and combinations. It supplies the counting tools needed to compute probabilities.

The exponent to which a fixed base must be raised to produce a given number. Logarithms turn multiplication into addition and solve equations where the unknown appears in an exponent.

A quantity with both magnitude and direction, represented by a directed segment or by coordinates. Vectors are added componentwise and used to describe forces, velocities and displacements.

An operation on two vectors producing a number, equal to the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of the angle between them. It tests perpendicularity and computes work.

An English verb tense describing completed actions at a definite past time, formed with the -ed ending or an irregular form. It contrasts with the present perfect, which links past events to now.

An English tense formed with have or has plus the past participle, used for past actions relevant to the present or for experience without a stated time. It differs from the past simple, which names a finished past time.

A sentence structure in which the object of the action becomes the grammatical subject, formed with a form of be plus the past participle. It is used when the doer is unknown or unimportant.

The grammar of relaying what someone said without direct quotation, requiring backshift of tenses and changes to pronouns and time words. Accuracy in these shifts is commonly tested.

Sentences with an if-clause and a main clause expressing real, hypothetical or unreal conditions. Each type pairs specific tense forms, such as past simple with would for unreal present situations.

An Iron Age kingdom centered near Lake Van, known from cuneiform inscriptions and fortress ruins. Its material culture and language shaped the early political landscape of the Armenian highlands.

A first-century BCE Armenian king who expanded his realm into a short-lived empire stretching from the Caspian to the Mediterranean. His reign is remembered as a peak of Armenian political power.

The Armenian royal dynasty founded around the second century BCE, whose most famous ruler was Tigranes the Great. Its coins, inscriptions and alliances are key evidence for the period.

An early Armenian ruling house that governed parts of the highlands after the decline of Urartu. Historians debate its exact lineage, but it marks the transition to Armenian dynastic history.

The traditional date when Armenia adopted Christianity under King Tiridates III, becoming the first state to do so. It shaped Armenian identity, church institutions and ties with neighboring empires.

The missionary credited with converting Armenia to Christianity and founding its church hierarchy. He is the central figure in accounts of the country's fourth-century Christianization.

A medieval Armenian dynasty that ruled from the 9th to the 11th century, with its capital at Ani. Its period saw a cultural flourishing before Byzantine and Turkic pressures ended the kingdom.

The medieval Armenian capital on the border with modern Turkey, famed for its churches and walls. It flourished under Bagratid rule and is studied as a symbol of lost medieval statehood.

The mass deportation and killing of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, in which over a million people perished. It is a defining event in modern Armenian identity and politics.

The independent Armenian state proclaimed in 1918 and dissolved in 1920 when it was absorbed into the Soviet sphere. It established modern national symbols and institutions.

Three laws describing how forces change motion: inertia, the relation between force, mass and acceleration, and action-reaction pairs. They form the basis of classical mechanics taught in school.

The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between forms. It is used to solve problems involving motion, heat and electrical circuits.

The principle that chemical properties of elements vary periodically with atomic number. It explains the structure of the periodic table and trends in reactivity across periods and groups.

The force holding atoms together in compounds, ranging from ionic to covalent to metallic. Its type explains melting points, conductivity and solubility of substances.

The process by which green plants use light energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It links solar energy to the food chains of nearly all ecosystems.

The smallest structural and functional unit of living organisms, bounded by a membrane and containing genetic material. Cells divide, differentiate and carry out metabolism in all living things.

The transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genes carried on chromosomes. It explains variation within populations and is the basis of genetics.

Broad belts of the Earth with characteristic temperature and rainfall patterns, determined mainly by latitude. They explain the distribution of biomes and agricultural possibilities.

The supreme law of a state, setting out its institutions, the distribution of powers and citizens' fundamental rights. All other laws must conform to it and courts may review them.

The principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to law applied equally and fairly. It requires independent courts, clear rules and protection from arbitrary power.

A system of government in which power derives from the people, exercised through free elections, representation and protection of minority rights. It depends on participation, accountability and civil liberties.

Basic entitlements held by every person regardless of nationality, such as life, liberty, expression and fair trial. They are guaranteed by constitutions and international treaties and limit state power.

An economic system in which prices and production are determined mainly by supply and demand rather than central planning. Competition and private property are central, with government regulating where needed.

Compulsory payments collected by the state from individuals and businesses to fund public goods and services. Their structure influences incentives, inequality and the budget.

The legal membership linking a person to a state, carrying rights such as voting and duties such as obeying laws. It is acquired by birth, descent or naturalization under national rules.