Armenia Grade 12 State Leaving Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Mesrop Mashtots

Monk and scholar who created the Armenian alphabet in 405 CE, enabling translation of scripture and the growth of Armenian literature and national identity.

Battle of Avarayr

451 CE battle in which Vardan Mamikonian led Armenian forces against Sassanid Persia to defend Christian faith; commemorated annually as Vardanants.

Armenian Genocide

Systematic mass killing and deportation of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during 1915-1917, killing roughly 1.5 million people; remembered on April 24.

First Republic of Armenia

Independent Armenian state declared May 28, 1918, after victory at Sardarapat; it was Sovietized in 1920 and replaced by the Armenian SSR.

Urartu

Iron Age kingdom (9th-6th centuries BCE) centered near Lake Van, known for fortress building and cuneiform inscriptions; a predecessor culture in the Armenian highland.

Armenian alphabet size

The Armenian alphabet contains 38 letters, each with uppercase and lowercase forms; seven of them are vowels.

Armenian grammatical cases

Armenian nouns decline in seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, instrumental, and locative.

Sasna Tsrer epic

Armenia's national folk epic recounting the exploits of David of Sassoun and his family; transmitted orally and first recorded in the 19th century.

Hovhannes Tumanyan

Armenian poet and writer (1869-1923), regarded as the national poet, known for poems and retellings of folklore such as 'Anush'.

Yeghishe Charents

Twentieth-century Armenian poet who pioneered modernist verse and was a victim of Stalinist repression; author of 'Book of the Way'.

Quadratic formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0, the roots are x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / 2a; the discriminant b² − 4ac determines how many real roots exist.

Vieta's formulas

For a quadratic ax² + bx + c = 0 with roots x₁ and x₂, their sum equals −b/a and their product equals c/a.

Arithmetic progression sum

For an arithmetic sequence, the nth term is a₁ + (n−1)d and the sum of n terms is n(a₁ + aₙ)/2.

Derivative of a power

The derivative of xⁿ with respect to x is n·xⁿ⁻¹; this power rule underlies differentiation of polynomials.

Pythagorean identity

For any angle x, sin²x + cos²x = 1; it follows from the unit circle and relates sine and cosine.

Probability of independent events

If events A and B are independent, the probability both occur equals P(A) × P(B).

Present perfect tense

Formed with have/has plus the past participle, it links a past action to the present; simple past is used with finished time expressions.

Third conditional

Expresses an unreal past situation: if + past perfect in the condition, would have + past participle in the result.

Passive voice

Built with the verb be plus a past participle; the object of an active sentence becomes the subject of the passive one.

Reported speech tense shift

When reporting speech, verbs typically shift one tense back and time words change, e.g. 'today' becomes 'that day'.

Modal verbs of deduction

Must shows strong certainty, may or might shows possibility, and can't shows impossibility when reasoning about the present.

Newton's second law

The net force on an object equals its mass times its acceleration (F = ma); weight is the special case W = mg.

Ohm's law

Current through a conductor equals voltage divided by resistance (I = U/R); electric power is P = UI.

Mole and Avogadro's number

One mole of a substance contains 6.022 × 10²³ particles; moles equal mass divided by molar mass.

pH scale

A measure of hydrogen-ion concentration: values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy yields C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂; it occurs in chloroplasts and stores energy as glucose.

Transcription and translation

Transcription copies DNA into messenger RNA in the nucleus; translation at ribosomes reads codons to assemble a protein.

Mount Aragats

Armenia's highest peak at 4,090 meters, a dormant volcano; Lake Sevan is the country's largest lake.

Armenian Constitution of 1995

Defines Armenia as a sovereign, democratic, social, and legal state; amended in 2005 and 2015, the latter creating a parliamentary republic.

National Assembly of Armenia

The unicameral legislature whose members serve five-year terms; under the 2015 amendments it selects the Prime Minister.

Separation of powers

The division of government authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches so that each can check the others.

Rule of law

The principle that government action is bound by law, courts are independent, and all citizens are equal before the law.