Angola 12th Grade Biology National Exam study guide
Angola 12th Grade Biology National Exam · Work through your exam, one topic at a time.
The Angolan 12th Grade Biology National Examination (Exame Nacional de Biologia da 12ª Classe) is the school-leaving biology paper sat by final-year secondary students in Angola who are completing the biology stream. It is a national assessment: results contribute to the certificate that students present when applying to university or to higher technical institutes, and a strong biology grade matters for anyone aiming at medicine, nursing, pharmacy, agronomy, veterinary science or teacher training. The Angola 12th Grade Biology National Exam study guide has 8 sections and about 2,087 words.
01Cell Biology
A cell is the structural and functional unit of life. You should be able to distinguish prokaryotic cells (no true nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA, 70S ribosomes) from eukaryotic cells (true nucleus, organelles, linear chromosomes).
300 words, about 2 min02Genetics and Heredity
Genetics studies inheritance. Know the vocabulary: gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, codominance, incomplete dominance.
267 words, about 1 min03Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Know the structure of DNA: double helix, sugar-phosphate backbone, complementary base pairing (A–T, G–C), hydrogen bonds between bases. Understand DNA replication (semi-conservative), transcription (DNA to mRNA in the nucleus) and translation (mRNA to protein at the ribosome, using codons and tRNA).
264 words, about 1 min04Human Anatomy and Physiology
Know the major organ systems and their functions: circulatory (heart, blood vessels, blood), respiratory (lungs, gas exchange by diffusion in alveoli), digestive (mechanical and chemical breakdown, absorption in the small intestine), excretory (kidneys, nephrons, filtration and reabsorption), nervous (neurons, synapses, reflex arcs), and endocrine (hormones such as insulin and adrenaline). Understand the structure of the heart and the double circulation (pulmonary and systemic).
271 words, about 1 min05Reproduction, Development and Health Education
Know the male and female reproductive systems and their functions. Understand gametogenesis: spermatogenesis and oogenesis, and the hormones involved (testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH).
261 words, about 1 min06Evolution and Biodiversity
Evolution is the change in allele frequencies in populations over time. Know the evidence for evolution: fossils, comparative anatomy (homologous and analogous structures), embryology, and molecular biology (DNA and protein similarities).
239 words, about 1 min07Ecology and Environmental Science
Ecology studies relationships between organisms and their environment. Know the levels of organisation (organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere).
238 words, about 1 min08Scientific Method, Laboratory Skills and Data Interpretation
Know the steps of the scientific method: observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, data collection, analysis, conclusion. Understand variables: independent, dependent and controlled.
247 words, about 1 min