Angola 12th Grade Biology National Exam study plan

Label the organelles of a eukaryotic cell from memory and state one function for each

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure in a written table

Explain the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane and predict the effect of a change in membrane composition on transport

Identify the independent, dependent and controlled variables in three short experimental descriptions

Convert raw measurements into a table and a simple graph, then describe the trend in one sentence

Describe the stages of mitosis in order and state what happens to chromosomes at each stage

Contrast diffusion, osmosis and active transport and give one biological example of each

Relate cell differentiation to the specialised structures of at least four human cell types

Explain how surface-area-to-volume ratio limits cell size using a worked calculation

Trace the path of blood through the heart and lungs, naming chambers and valves in order

Describe the structure and function of the alveolus and nephron and link each to its role in exchange

Explain the roles of the main digestive enzymes and where each acts

Outline the menstrual cycle and identify the hormones controlling each phase

Describe the main routes of transmission of HIV and the prevention measures for each

Solve monohybrid crosses using Punnett squares and state genotype and phenotype ratios

Distinguish complete dominance, incomplete dominance and codominance with a worked example of each

Explain the structure of DNA and the process of semi-conservative replication

Describe transcription and translation and identify the role of mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes

Interpret a pedigree or family-history diagram to infer the mode of inheritance

Solve dihybrid crosses and explain the principle of independent assortment

Analyse sex-linked inheritance problems and predict offspring ratios

Describe a named biotechnology application and evaluate one benefit and one ethical concern

Explain how mutations arise and classify their possible effects on the phenotype

Draw and interpret a food web, identifying producers, consumers and trophic levels

Explain energy flow and the reasons for energy loss between trophic levels with a calculation

Describe the carbon and nitrogen cycles and identify one human impact on each

State the evidence for evolution from fossils, comparative anatomy and molecular data

Explain natural selection as a mechanism and distinguish it from Lamarckian inheritance

Evaluate the causes and consequences of at least three named environmental problems in Angola or southern Africa

Propose and justify conservation or management measures for one local ecosystem

Describe the stages of human development from fertilisation to implantation

Explain the biological basis of at least three public-health measures relevant to Angola

Interpret a data table on population or pollution trends and state two supported conclusions

Complete two full-length timed mock papers under exam conditions

Classify every error from the mocks by domain and by error type

Re-teach the three weakest sub-topics using a one-page summary written from memory

Practise data-interpretation and experimental-design questions until at least 80 percent are correct