Arab Board OMFS Part 1 cheat sheet

Mandibular nerve exits skull via foramen ovale; maxillary nerve via foramen rotundum; ophthalmic via superior orbital fissure.

Lingual nerve carries chorda tympani fibers for taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue; lingual nerve itself provides general sensation.

Facial nerve exits stylomastoid foramen and divides into temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical branches within the parotid gland.

Lingual artery arises from external carotid; it is the principal blood supply to the tongue and runs deep to hyoglossus.

Warfarin acts on vitamin K epoxide reductase, reducing factors II, VII, IX, X; INR reflects extrinsic pathway (PT).

Heparin potentiates antithrombin III, inhibiting thrombin and factor Xa; monitored by aPTT.

Gram-positive bacteria retain crystal violet due to thick peptidoglycan; gram-negative have thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide.

Osteomyelitis of the mandible commonly involves Staphylococcus aureus and anaerobes; chronic form shows sequestrum and involucrum.

Third molar difficulty increases with depth (Pell-Gregory class), ramus relationship, root morphology, and angulation.

Inferior alveolar nerve injury risk rises with lingual angulation, deep impaction, and proximity of roots to the mandibular canal on imaging.

Dry socket (alveolar osteitis) presents as severe pain 2-4 days post-extraction with empty socket and exposed bone; managed by irrigation and dressing.

Le Fort I osteotomy separates the maxilla at the level of the nasal floor and pterygomaxillary junction; provides access for down-fracture.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw requires >=8 weeks of exposed bone in a patient on antiresorptives without radiation history.

Surgical removal of a mandibular cyst risks fracture; enucleation with peripheral ostectomy reduces recurrence of keratocyst.

Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis is indicated for high-risk cardiac conditions before invasive dental procedures causing bacteremia.

Hemostasis after extraction: direct pressure with gauze; persistent bleeding may require local hemostatic agents or suturing.

Leukoplakia is a clinical diagnosis of a white patch not attributable to another cause; biopsy is required to exclude dysplasia or carcinoma.

Erythroplakia carries a higher malignant transformation risk than leukoplakia; biopsy is mandatory.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: minor (<1 cm, heals <2 weeks), major (>1 cm, scarring), herpetiform (multiple small ulcers).

Oral lichen planus shows Wickham striae; reticular form is most common; malignant transformation risk is low but requires monitoring.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip and oral cavity: most common oral malignancy; risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, and betel quid.

Pemphigus vulgaris presents with intraepithelial (suprabasal) acantholysis and positive Nikolsky sign; IgG against desmoglein.

Mucous membrane pemphigoid is subepithelial with linear IgG/C3 at basement membrane; may cause conjunctival scarring.

Odontogenic keratocyst shows parakeratinized epithelium, palisaded basal layer, and high recurrence; associated with PTCH1 mutation and Gorlin syndrome.

Ameloblastoma is a locally aggressive odontogenic tumor, commonly in posterior mandible, with soap-bubble radiolucency.

Uncontrolled diabetes increases infection and impaired wound healing; HbA1c >7% indicates poorer glycemic control.

Patients on warfarin with INR within therapeutic range can usually undergo minor oral surgery with local measures without stopping anticoagulation.

Dual antiplatelet therapy increases bleeding risk; consult the prescribing physician before invasive procedures.

Adrenal insufficiency requires perioperative steroid supplementation (stress dose) to prevent adrenal crisis.

Metformin is usually continued perioperatively; hold if contrast or renal impairment risk exists.

Hypertension: elective surgery is generally deferred if diastolic >110 mmHg or systolic >180 mmHg.

Cirrhosis with coagulopathy (elevated INR, low platelets) increases bleeding and infection risk after oral surgery.

Head and neck surgery airway assessment includes mouth opening, neck mobility, and Mallampati classification.

Maximum recommended dose of lidocaine with epinephrine is 7 mg/kg (absolute cap often 500 mg); 2% lidocaine = 20 mg/mL.

Maximum dose of articaine is 7 mg/kg; 4% solution = 40 mg/mL; avoid in sulfite allergy if epinephrine-containing.

Bupivacaine 0.5% provides prolonged anesthesia; maximum dose 2 mg/kg (with epinephrine often up to 2.5-3 mg/kg).

Prilocaine risks methemoglobinemia at high doses; maximum ~8 mg/kg.

Epinephrine concentration 1:100,000 = 10 mcg/mL; 1:200,000 = 5 mcg/mL; vasoconstrictor prolongs anesthesia and reduces bleeding.

Inferior alveolar nerve block targets the pterygomandibular space; landmarks include coronoid notch and pterygomandibular raphe.

Signs of local anesthetic toxicity: perioral numbness, tinnitus, metallic taste, seizures, then CNS depression and cardiovascular collapse.

Malignant hyperthermia is triggered by succinylcholine and volatile anesthetics; treated with dantrolene.

ASA classification: ASA I healthy; ASA II mild systemic disease; ASA III severe disease; ASA IV life-threatening.

Advanced Trauma Life Support sequence: primary survey (ABCDE) precedes maxillofacial assessment.

Le Fort I: horizontal fracture above tooth apices; Le Fort II: pyramidal through nasal bridge and infraorbital rims; Le Fort III: craniofacial disjunction.

Mandibular angle fractures are commonly treated with a single miniplate on the superior border (Champy technique).

Zygomatic complex fracture: assess malar prominence, infraorbital sensation, diplopia, and subconjunctival hemorrhage.

Orbital floor blowout fracture may cause diplopia and inferior rectus entrapment; coronal CT is diagnostic.

Condylar fracture management ranges from conservative (closed) with early mobilization to open reduction with internal fixation.

Nasal bone fracture is the most common facial fracture; assess for septal hematoma, which requires drainage.

Panfacial fractures require re-establishing vertical and horizontal buttresses, often starting from stable cranial base or mandible.

Dentoalveolar trauma: avulsed permanent tooth should be replanted immediately or stored in milk/saline and replanted within 60 minutes.

Skeletal Class II often treated with mandibular advancement or maxillary impaction; Class III with mandibular setback or maxillary advancement.

Le Fort I impaction shortens the face and may require superior repositioning of the maxilla for vertical maxillary excess.

Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) of the mandible risks inferior alveolar nerve injury.

Cephalometric analysis: SNA ~82°, SNB ~80°, ANB ~2°; ANB >4° suggests skeletal Class II, <0° suggests Class III.

Distraction osteogenesis follows Ilizarov principles: latency, distraction rate ~1 mm/day, consolidation.

Cleft lip repair typically at 3-6 months; palate repair at 9-18 months to support speech and facial growth.

Presurgical orthodontics decompensates the dentition before orthognathic surgery.

Hemifacial microsomia (first and second branchial arch syndrome) involves mandibular hypoplasia and ear anomalies.

Crown-to-root ratio of 1:1 is minimum acceptable for a tooth to serve as a fixed partial denture abutment; 2:1 is more favorable.

Ante's law: total root surface area of abutments should equal or exceed that of the replaced teeth.

Ferrule effect requires >=1.5-2 mm of parallel dentin above the preparation margin for post-retained restorations.

Implant osseointegration requires primary stability and adequate bone; minimum ~10 Ncm insertion torque often cited for immediate loading.

Occlusal scheme in complete dentures: balanced occlusion in eccentric movements to stabilize the prosthesis.

Root canal treated teeth with extensive coronal loss benefit from cuspal coverage to reduce fracture risk.

Minimum occlusal clearance for metal-ceramic crowns is ~1.5 mm; for all-ceramic ~2 mm.

Resin composite bonding to enamel uses acid etching with phosphoric acid; dentin uses etch-and-rinse or self-etch systems.

Sensitivity = true positives / (true positives + false negatives); specificity = true negatives / (true negatives + false positives).

Positive predictive value depends on prevalence; it falls as prevalence decreases.

Randomized controlled trial is the strongest design for causal inference; systematic review/meta-analysis sits at the top of evidence hierarchies.

p-value <0.05 conventionally indicates statistical significance; it does not measure effect size or clinical importance.

Type I error = rejecting a true null hypothesis (alpha); Type II error = failing to reject a false null (beta); power = 1 - beta.

Relative risk and odds ratio >1 indicate increased risk; confidence interval excluding 1 indicates statistical significance.

Number needed to treat = 1 / absolute risk reduction.

Intention-to-treat analysis preserves randomization and reduces bias from attrition.

Levels of evidence: systematic reviews > RCTs > cohort > case-control > case series > expert opinion.

Parotid gland is traversed by the facial nerve; submandibular gland duct (Wharton) opens at the sublingual papilla.

Temporomandibular joint is a synovial ginglymoarthrodial joint with a fibrocartilaginous disc.

Maxillary sinus drains via the middle meatus; roots of maxillary molars and premolars lie close to the sinus floor.

Blood supply to the mandible is primarily from the inferior alveolar artery; the mental artery supplies the anterior mandible.

Complement activation: classical (IgG/IgM), alternative (microbial surfaces), lectin (mannose-binding lectin).

Acute inflammation: vasodilation, increased permeability, neutrophil influx; chronic: lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages.

Healing by primary intention occurs in clean apposed wounds; secondary intention in open wounds with granulation tissue.

Normal adult platelet count 150,000-400,000/mcL; platelet transfusion often considered below 50,000/mcL for surgery.

Apicoectomy is indicated when conventional endodontic retreatment fails or is not feasible; root-end resection ~3 mm with retrograde filling.

Coronectomy is an alternative to removal of high-risk mandibular third molars to reduce inferior alveolar nerve injury.

Odontogenic infection spreading to submandibular space requires incision and drainage plus antibiotics and airway assessment.

Ludwig's angina is a bilateral submandibular, sublingual, and submental cellulitis; airway management is the priority.

Orthognathic fixation typically uses titanium miniplates; monocortical screws avoid root injury in Le Fort I.

Maxillary sinus lift (sinus floor elevation) increases bone height for posterior implant placement.

Bone graft healing: osteogenesis (living cells), osteoinduction (growth factors), osteoconduction (scaffold).

Frenectomy is indicated for ankyloglossia or persistent diastema with a thick frenum.

Aphthous ulcers are not associated with vesicles; herpetic lesions begin as vesicles that rupture to form ulcers.

Herpes labialis is caused by HSV-1; recurrent infection is triggered by stress, sunlight, and illness.

Oral candidiasis presents as removable white plaques (pseudomembranous) or erythema; treat with topical or systemic antifungals.

Burning mouth syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion; often idiopathic or associated with xerostomia or nutritional deficiency.

Paget's disease of bone shows cotton-wool radiopacities and elevated alkaline phosphatase; may cause jaw enlargement.

Osteoradionecrosis of the jaw occurs after radiotherapy (>60 Gy) with exposed bone for >3 months without recurrence.

Fibrous dysplasia shows ground-glass radiopacity; it is a developmental disorder with GNAS mutation.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue commonly presents as an ulcer with indurated margins; lateral border is a common site.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a salivary malignancy with perineural invasion and cribriform pattern.

Asthma: avoid aspirin and NSAIDs in aspirin-sensitive patients; stress-dose steroids for severe asthma if adrenal suppression.

Chronic kidney disease: reduce doses of renally cleared drugs (e.g., some antibiotics, opioids); monitor electrolytes.

Liver disease: reduced synthesis of clotting factors; avoid hepatotoxic drugs and adjust doses.

Anticoagulation reversal: vitamin K and PCC for warfarin; protamine for heparin; idarucizumab for dabigatran.

Thyroid disease: untreated hypothyroidism increases risk of myxedema coma under anesthesia; hyperthyroidism risks thyroid storm.

Pregnancy: avoid elective surgery in first trimester; supine hypotension syndrome after 20 weeks; left uterine displacement.

Geriatric patients: reduced hepatic and renal clearance, polypharmacy, and increased bleeding risk.

Smoking cessation before surgery reduces wound complications; ideally >=4 weeks before elective procedures.

Conscious sedation preserves protective reflexes and ability to respond; deep sedation may lose airway reflexes.

Midazolam is a benzodiazepine with amnestic and anxiolytic effects; flumazenil reverses it.

Propofol causes dose-dependent respiratory depression and hypotension; no specific reversal agent.

Fentanyl and other opioids cause respiratory depression; naloxone reverses opioid effects.

Monitoring during sedation: pulse oximetry, capnography, blood pressure, and ECG as indicated.

Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) treatment includes airway support and lipid emulsion (Intralipid) 1.5 mL/kg bolus.

Nerve blocks: greater palatine for posterior palate; nasopalatine for anterior palate; mental nerve for lower lip and chin.

Postoperative pain management follows multimodal analgesia: NSAIDs, acetaminophen, opioids as needed.

Airway obstruction in facial trauma may require chin lift, jaw thrust, or surgical airway; cervical spine protection is maintained.

Hemorrhage control in midface fractures may require packing or angiography with embolization.

Orbital compartment syndrome is an emergency; lateral canthotomy and cantholysis may be required.

Mandibular body fractures often treated with two miniplates (superior and inferior border) or a reconstruction plate.

Subcondylar fracture with malocclusion may require open reduction if closed treatment fails.

Naso-orbital-ethmoid fractures may cause telecanthus; assess intercanthal distance.

Frontal sinus fractures: anterior table may be observed if nondisplaced; posterior table involvement requires neurosurgical evaluation.

Dental trauma classification includes crown fractures, crown-root fractures, luxation injuries, and avulsion.

Trauma in children: growth centers and developing teeth influence treatment; conservative management preferred when possible.

Cleft palate repair aims to close the defect and restore the levator veli palatini sling for velopharyngeal competence.

Alveolar bone grafting in cleft patients is typically performed at 8-12 years (mixed dentition) before canine eruption.

Distraction osteogenesis is used for severe mandibular hypoplasia (e.g., Pierre Robin sequence, hemifacial microsomia).

Orthognathic surgery planning uses cephalometric tracing, model surgery, and often virtual surgical planning.

Maxillary advancement may worsen velopharyngeal insufficiency in cleft patients; assess speech preoperatively.

Mandibular setback reduces airway volume; assess for obstructive sleep apnea risk.

Asymmetric mandibular hyperplasia may require condylectomy plus orthognathic correction.

Presurgical orthodontics duration is typically 12-18 months before surgery.

Implant survival requires adequate bone volume and quality; graft or short implants may be needed in resorbed ridges.

Peri-implantitis is inflammatory disease with bone loss; peri-implant mucositis is reversible without bone loss.

Occlusal trauma can cause mobility and fremitus; adjust occlusion to distribute forces.

Fixed partial denture success depends on abutment selection, ferrule, and occlusal harmony.

Removable partial denture design: rests provide support, clasps provide retention, and major connector distributes load.

Complete denture retention depends on adhesion, cohesion, atmospheric pressure, and border seal.

Tooth preparation for ceramic veneers: minimal enamel reduction (0.3-0.5 mm) preserves bond strength.

Bruxism management includes occlusal splints, stress management, and treating underlying sleep disorders.

Study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), case-control (rare outcomes), cohort (incidence and risk), RCT (causality).

Confounding occurs when a third variable is associated with both exposure and outcome; randomization and adjustment reduce it.

Bias types: selection bias, information bias, recall bias, and publication bias.

Sample size depends on effect size, power (usually 80%), alpha (0.05), and variability.

Mean, median, and mode are measures of central tendency; standard deviation measures dispersion.

Parametric tests (t-test, ANOVA) assume normality; nonparametric tests (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis) do not.

Chi-square test compares categorical variables; Fisher's exact test for small expected counts.

Evidence-based practice integrates best evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values.

Systematic reviews use explicit methods to minimize bias; meta-analysis pools effect estimates.

Trigeminal nerve: V1 ophthalmic, V2 maxillary, V3 mandibular; V3 is mixed (sensory and motor to muscles of mastication).

Facial nerve provides motor to facial expression muscles and taste from anterior tongue via chorda tympani.

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) innervates tongue musculature; injury causes tongue deviation toward the affected side.

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provides taste from posterior third of tongue and general sensation.

Wound healing phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling.

Bone healing after fracture: hematoma, soft callus, hard callus, remodeling.

Gram stain: crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer, safranin; gram-positive purple, gram-negative pink.

Sterilization by autoclave: 121°C at 15 psi for 15-20 minutes; kills spores.

Orthodontic extraction decisions consider space analysis, profile, and anchorage.

Surgical exposure of impacted canines may be closed or open; closed eruption preserves keratinized tissue.

Cyst enucleation versus marsupialization: marsupialization reduces size before definitive surgery.

Salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis) commonly in submandibular gland; treat with sialendoscopy or excision.

TMJ disorders: conservative therapy first (soft diet, NSAIDs, splint); surgery for refractory cases.

Nerve repair after injury: primary repair within 72 hours improves outcomes; tension-free coaptation.

Bone graft harvesting sites: iliac crest (large volume), ramus/chin (local), calvaria (cranial defects).

Infection control: sterile technique, antibiotic prophylaxis for contaminated procedures.

Oral submucous fibrosis is associated with betel quid chewing; presents with burning and restricted mouth opening.

Hairy leukoplakia is associated with Epstein-Barr virus and HIV; lateral border of tongue.

Kaposi sarcoma is associated with HHV-8; presents as purple vascular lesions.

Oral melanoma is rare but aggressive; ABCDE criteria apply.

Osteoma is a benign bone tumor; commonly in mandible or paranasal sinuses.

Odontoma is the most common odontogenic tumor; compound (tooth-like) or complex.

Dentigerous cyst surrounds the crown of an unerupted tooth; most common developmental odontogenic cyst.

Radicular cyst is inflammatory, associated with nonvital tooth; most common odontogenic cyst.

Burning mouth syndrome: exclude anemia, diabetes, xerostomia, and vitamin B12/folate deficiency.

Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis: amoxicillin 2 g orally 30-60 min before procedure; clindamycin no longer recommended as first-line in many guidelines.

Allergy to penicillin: use cephalexin, azithromycin, or clindamycin depending on local guidelines.

Warfarin management: check INR within 72 hours before surgery; local hemostatic measures.

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): timing of interruption depends on renal function and bleeding risk.

Hypertension management: continue most antihypertensives; avoid abrupt withdrawal of beta-blockers.

Diabetes: monitor glucose perioperatively; stress hyperglycemia increases infection risk.

Corticosteroid therapy: chronic use may suppress adrenal axis; stress dosing may be needed.

Smoking and alcohol: both increase risk of oral cancer and postoperative complications.

Local anesthetic mechanism: blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing depolarization.

Amide anesthetics (lidocaine, articaine, bupivacaine) are metabolized hepatically; esters by plasma esterases.

Articaine contains a thiophene ring; higher lipid solubility and bone penetration.

Epinephrine causes vasoconstriction, reducing systemic absorption and prolonging anesthesia.

Absolute contraindication to epinephrine: none absolute, but caution in severe cardiovascular disease.

Nerve block complications: hematoma, nerve injury, trismus, and intravascular injection.

Aspiration before injection reduces intravascular injection risk.

Sedation levels: minimal, moderate, deep, and general anesthesia.

Initial assessment of facial trauma includes airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure.

Cervical spine injury should be suspected in facial trauma; maintain immobilization.

Le Fort fractures: I (low), II (pyramidal), III (high).

Zygomatic arch fracture: depression on palpation; may limit mouth opening if impinging on coronoid.

Orbital blowout fracture: restricted upward gaze, diplopia, and enophthalmos.

Nasal septal hematoma: drain to prevent saddle nose deformity.

Mandibular fracture signs: step deformity, malocclusion, and mobility.

Condylar fracture: deviation of mandible toward the fractured side on opening.

Dentoalveolar injury: splinting for luxation injuries; follow-up for pulp vitality.

Class II division 1: increased overjet; division 2: decreased overjet with retroclined incisors.

Class III malocclusion: mandibular prognathism or maxillary hypoplasia; negative overjet.

Cephalometric landmarks: Sella, Nasion, A-point, B-point, and menton.

SNA measures maxillary position; SNB measures mandibular position.

ANB angle indicates skeletal relationship; normal ~2°.

Orthognathic surgery timing: after growth completion, typically late teens to early twenties.

Pre-surgical orthodontics aligns teeth within each arch; post-surgical orthodontics refines occlusion.

Complications of orthognathic surgery: nerve injury, bleeding, infection, relapse, and airway obstruction.

Implant placement timing: immediate, early, or delayed depending on socket healing and infection.

Implant success criteria: stability, no pain, no mobility, and bone loss <0.2 mm/year after first year.

Occlusal considerations for implants: avoid premature contacts; implants lack proprioception.

Fixed partial denture: minimum abutment crown height and root surface area.

Removable partial denture: Kennedy classification for edentulous spaces.

Complete denture: neutral zone and polished surface contour affect stability.

Veneers: enamel bonding is strongest; dentin bonding is less durable.

Bruxism: occlusal splint protects teeth and restorations.

Null hypothesis: no difference or association; alternative hypothesis: there is a difference.

Confidence interval: range of values likely to contain true effect; 95% CI corresponds to alpha 0.05.

Statistical significance does not equal clinical significance.

Correlation does not imply causation.

Randomization reduces selection bias; blinding reduces measurement bias.

Intention-to-treat analysis includes all randomized participants.

Number needed to harm = 1 / absolute risk increase.

Meta-analysis: combines results of multiple studies; heterogeneity assessed by I².

Levels of evidence: systematic reviews > RCTs > cohort > case-control > case series > expert opinion.

Mandibular nerve branches: auriculotemporal, buccal, lingual, inferior alveolar, and mylohyoid.

Maxillary nerve branches: infraorbital, zygomatic, greater and lesser palatine, nasopalatine.

Facial artery: courses over mandible at antegonial notch; pulse palpable.

Venous drainage of face: facial vein communicates with cavernous sinus via ophthalmic veins; danger triangle of face.

Lymphatic drainage of tongue: tip to submental; body to submandibular; base to deep cervical.

Salivary glands: parotid (serous), submandibular (mixed), sublingual (mucinous).

Physiology: normal serum calcium 8.5-10.5 mg/dL; hypocalcemia causes tetany.

Normal pH 7.35-7.45; acidosis and alkalosis affect drug ionization and action.

Extraction forceps: maxillary universal, mandibular universal, and root forceps.

Elevators: straight, curved, and Cryer; used to luxate teeth.

Surgical extraction indications: nonrestorable tooth, impaction, and pathology.

Flap design: broad base, adequate blood supply, and tension-free closure.

Suturing: interrupted, continuous, and mattress sutures; remove after 5-7 days.

Postoperative instructions: ice, analgesics, soft diet, and avoid smoking.

Complications: bleeding, infection, nerve injury, and dry socket.

Bone graft materials: autograft, allograft, xenograft, and alloplast.

Oral cancer screening: visual inspection and palpation; biopsy for suspicious lesions.

Tobacco and alcohol are major risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

HPV-16 is associated with oropharyngeal cancer.

Leukoplakia and erythroplakia are potentially malignant disorders.

Lichen planus: reticular, erosive, and plaque forms; biopsy for erosive.

Pemphigus vulgaris: intraepithelial acantholysis; Nikolsky sign positive.

Mucous membrane pemphigoid: subepithelial; linear IgG/C3.

Aphthous ulcers: minor, major, and herpetiform.

Odontogenic tumors: ameloblastoma, odontoma, and keratocyst.

Cardiovascular disease: assess risk before surgery; continue beta-blockers and statins.

Respiratory disease: asthma and COPD; optimize before surgery.

Renal disease: adjust drug doses; avoid nephrotoxic drugs.

Liver disease: coagulopathy and drug metabolism.

Endocrine disease: diabetes, thyroid, and adrenal disorders.

Anticoagulants: warfarin, heparin, DOACs; reversal agents.

Pregnancy: avoid elective surgery in first trimester; left uterine displacement.

Geriatric patients: polypharmacy and reduced clearance.

Local anesthetic maximum doses: lidocaine 7 mg/kg, articaine 7 mg/kg, bupivacaine 2 mg/kg, prilocaine 8 mg/kg.

Epinephrine concentrations: 1:100,000 = 10 mcg/mL; 1:200,000 = 5 mcg/mL.

Inferior alveolar nerve block landmarks: coronoid notch, pterygomandibular raphe.

Local anesthetic toxicity: perioral numbness, tinnitus, seizures, cardiovascular collapse.

Malignant hyperthermia: triggered by succinylcholine and volatile anesthetics; treat with dantrolene.

Conscious sedation: preserves protective reflexes.

Reversal agents: flumazenil for benzodiazepines; naloxone for opioids.

LAST treatment: lipid emulsion 1.5 mL/kg bolus.