Arab Board OMFS Part 1 key terms

Spread of odontogenic infection along loose connective tissue planes between muscle and fascia of the head and neck, potentially causing airway compromise, mediastinitis, or cavernous sinus thrombosis if untreated.

Rapidly spreading bilateral cellulitis of the submandibular, sublingual, and submental spaces, usually of dental origin, threatening the airway through tongue elevation and requiring urgent surgical decompression and airway control.

Infection originating from a diseased tooth or its supporting tissues, most often polymicrobial with streptococci and anaerobic gram-negative rods, which may remain localized or spread into adjacent fascial spaces.

System dividing midface fractures into three patterns: I (horizontal, above tooth roots), II (pyramidal through maxilla, nose, and orbital floor), and III (craniofacial disjunction through the zygomatic arches and nasofrontal suture).

Fracture of the zygoma disrupting its articulations with the maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, and temporal bones, producing malar depression, periorbital swelling, altered sensation in the infraorbital nerve distribution, and possible diplopia.

Fracture of the mandible below the condylar head, commonly causing deviation of the mandible toward the injured side on opening, premature occlusal contact, and anterior open bite on the contralateral side.

Fracture at the junction of the body and ramus, often involving the third molar region, where the tooth may become involved in the fracture line and where masseter and medial pterygoid pull the proximal segment upward.

Use of plates and screws to achieve stable bone healing by neutralizing functional forces across a fracture or osteotomy, allowing early mobilization and primary bone healing rather than callus formation.

Horizontal surgical separation of the maxilla above the apices of the teeth, used to reposition the maxilla in orthognathic surgery for correction of vertical, transverse, or sagittal discrepancies.

Simultaneous osteotomy of both maxilla and mandible, planned with model surgery or virtual planning, to correct combined skeletal discrepancies and establish a stable, functional occlusion.

Mandibular ramus osteotomy splitting the bone sagittally to permit repositioning of the tooth-bearing segment, widely used for mandibular advancement or setback with large area of bone contact for healing.

Integrated process combining clinical assessment, cephalometric analysis, dental model or virtual planning, and occlusal evaluation to define skeletal movements that will achieve facial balance and stable occlusion.

Measurement of angular and linear relationships of craniofacial landmarks on standardized lateral or frontal radiographs, used to quantify skeletal and dental discrepancies and to plan and evaluate orthognathic treatment.

Skeletal relationship in which the mandible is positioned anteriorly relative to the maxilla, often requiring mandibular setback, maxillary advancement, or bimaxillary surgery to correct the profile and occlusion.

Fibrous or bony fusion of the condyle to the glenoid fossa, causing restricted mouth opening, impaired jaw growth in children, and requiring surgical release with or without reconstruction.

Group of conditions affecting the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints, characterized by pain, joint sounds, and limited or deviated jaw movement, managed initially with conservative therapy.

Regional muscle pain disorder with trigger points that reproduce pain on palpation, often associated with parafunction, stress, and altered jaw posture, and managed with conservative and behavioral measures.

Assessment and control of the patient's breathing during anesthesia or maxillofacial emergencies, including positioning, suction, supraglottic devices, intubation, or surgical airway when obstruction is imminent.

Clinical situation in which a trained anesthetist has difficulty with mask ventilation, supraglottic device placement, laryngoscopy, intubation, or a combination, requiring a pre-planned alternative strategy.

Bedside grading of oropharyngeal visibility with the patient seated and mouth open, used with other tests to predict difficulty with laryngoscopy and intubation during general anesthesia.

Drug-induced depression of consciousness in which the patient responds purposefully to verbal or light tactile stimulation while protective reflexes and spontaneous ventilation are maintained, used for anxiety control in minor oral surgery.

Reversible loss of sensation in a body region produced by blocking nerve conduction with agents such as lidocaine or articaine, commonly used in dentistry to permit painless operative and surgical procedures.

Injection near the mandibular foramen targeting the inferior alveolar nerve before it enters the canal, anesthetizing mandibular teeth and, with the lingual nerve, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and adjacent soft tissues.

Branch of the posterior division of the mandibular nerve carrying general sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and floor of mouth, at risk during third molar surgery and lingual flap retraction.

Terminal branch of the maxillary nerve emerging from the infraorbital foramen, supplying sensation to the midface, upper lip, and anterior maxillary teeth, commonly injured in midface fractures.

Blood supply derived mainly from the inferior alveolar artery and periosteal vessels, a pattern relevant to the risk of osteoradionecrosis and to the limited healing capacity of the irradiated mandible.

Bone death in an irradiated field, presenting as exposed bone without healing for at least three months, in the absence of tumor recurrence, and linked to radiation-induced hypovascularity and hypocellularity.

Exposed jaw bone persisting beyond eight weeks in a patient with current or prior antiresorptive or antiangiogenic therapy and no history of head and neck radiation, often following extraction.

Class of drugs inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, used for osteoporosis and malignancy-related bone disease, and associated with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw after invasive dental procedures.

Epithelium-lined cavity arising from developmental or inflammatory residues of tooth-forming tissues, such as dentigerous, radicular, or odontogenic keratocyst, diagnosed by clinical and histopathologic correlation.

Benign but locally aggressive odontogenic epithelial tumor of the jaws, typically multilocular and radiolucent in the posterior mandible, treated with resection to reduce recurrence.

Neoplasm arising from epithelial or mesenchymal components of tooth-forming tissues, ranging from hamartomatous lesions to locally aggressive or malignant tumors requiring histopathologic diagnosis and appropriate surgical margins.

Clinical condition with increased risk of progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma, including leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, warranting biopsy and surveillance.

Predominantly white oral plaque that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease, diagnosed by exclusion and requiring biopsy to assess dysplasia or malignancy.

Malignant neoplasm of oral mucosal epithelium, commonly affecting the tongue, floor of mouth, and buccal mucosa, with risk factors including tobacco, betel quid, and alcohol, staged by TNM and treated mainly by surgery.

Sensitivity is the proportion of truly diseased people correctly identified by a test; specificity is the proportion of truly healthy people correctly identified as disease-free, together describing diagnostic accuracy.

Probability that a person with a positive test result actually has the disease, dependent on test sensitivity, specificity, and the prevalence of the condition in the tested population.

Ratio comparing the probability of a given test result in diseased versus non-diseased people, allowing a pretest probability to be updated to a posttest probability and less dependent on prevalence.

Experimental study in which participants are randomly allocated to interventions and followed prospectively, minimizing selection bias and providing the strongest evidence for causal treatment effects when properly conducted.

Analysis including all randomized participants in the groups to which they were assigned regardless of adherence, preserving the benefits of randomization and giving an unbiased estimate of intervention effect.

Distortion of an observed association between exposure and outcome by a third variable related to both, which must be addressed through study design, matching, stratification, or multivariable statistical adjustment.