HSC Indonesian Extension (NSW) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Exposition text structure

An exposition states a thesis, supports it with sequenced arguments and evidence, then restates the position in a conclusion. Indonesian expositions use connectors like pertama, selain itu, and dengan demikian.

News report lead

Indonesian news reports open with the most important information: what happened, who was involved, when, and where. Elaboration and background follow in later paragraphs.

Cohesive device: namun

Namun means 'however' and signals contrast between clauses. It typically introduces a qualification or opposing point, similar to akan tetapi and sebaliknya.

ter- prefix ambiguity

With adjectives, ter- forms a superlative (terbaik = best). With verbs it often marks accidental or abilitative meaning (terbuka = able to be opened). Context resolves which reading applies.

meN- and di- voices

meN- marks the active voice with the actor as subject; di- marks the passive with the object promoted to subject. Formal Indonesian writing favours di- constructions to foreground the affected entity.

Indonesian negation words

Tidak negates verbs and adjectives; bukan negates nouns and noun phrases; belum means 'not yet'; jangan forms prohibitions. Placement immediately before the denied element is critical for accuracy.

Procedure text imperatives

Procedure texts use imperative verb forms (ambil, tuangkan, aduk) and sequencers such as pertama, kemudian, selanjutnya, dan akhirnya to order steps for the reader.

meN- assimilation rules

Before p, t, k, s the nasal drops the initial consonant (memukul, menulis, mengirim, menyapu). Before vowels, ng- appears (mengambil). Before other consonants the nasal is retained.

Aspect markers in recount

Sudah and telah mark completed actions, sedang marks ongoing ones, and akan marks future ones. Consistent use of these markers across a recount signals coherent temporal sequencing.

Nominalisation for register

Turning verbs into nouns with peN-...-an or ke-...-an (penggunaan, peningkatan, kenyataan) raises formality and lets writers package ideas as subjects of further claims.

Passive agent with oleh

In passive constructions the agent follows oleh: 'dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah'. Pronoun agents in formal prose also take oleh (oleh saya), not attached directly to the verb.

Relative clause with yang

Yang introduces a clause modifying the preceding noun: 'mahasiswa yang rajin' means the diligent student. The modifier follows the head noun rather than preceding it as in English.

ber- spelling contraction

When ber- attaches to a base beginning with r, one r drops: ber + kerja becomes bekerja, ber + renang becomes berenang. The rule keeps pronunciation natural.

Discussion text features

A discussion text presents arguments for and against an issue, using connectors like di satu pihak and di pihak lain, before offering a reasoned conclusion or recommendation.

Inference question method

Locate the exact clause licensing the inference, then test each option against it. Reject options that overstate, reverse meaning, or introduce information absent from the text.

Register markers formal vs informal

Formal markers include merupakan, berdasarkan, mengemukakan, sehubungan dengan. Informal markers include banget, nggak, gimana, dong. Register reveals audience, relationship, and purpose.

Reduplication functions

Reduplication marks plurality (buku-buku), intensity or repetition (pelan-pelan), reciprocity (tolong-menolong), and iterative activity (berjalan-jalan). Meaning depends on the base word and context.

Theme study rationale

An in-depth study must justify why the chosen issue matters within Indonesian social or cultural contexts, citing evidence from several text types rather than a single source.

Perspective analysis triad

Analyse any text through author position, intended audience, and purpose. The same issue is framed differently across news outlets, literary works, and official documents.

Gotong royong connotation

Gotong royong refers to mutual community assistance and carries strongly positive cultural connotations. Writers invoke it to legitimise collective solutions or criticise individualistic behaviour.

Musyawarah and consensus

Musyawarah denotes deliberation aimed at consensus rather than majority vote. Texts may contrast it with voting procedures when discussing governance or community decision-making.

Comparative source evaluation

Set explicit criteria such as evidence quality, balance, currency, and representativeness, apply them to at least two sources, then state a judgement backed by specific textual evidence.

Synthesis versus summary

Synthesis combines findings from multiple sources into a new coherent claim, organised by idea. A summary merely restates sources one after another without advancing an argument.

Daftar pustaka ordering

The bibliography lists sources alphabetically by author surname. Direct quotations appear in quotation marks with attribution; paraphrases require attribution without quotation marks.

Research question narrowing

Narrow a topic by population, place, time period, or text type until the question is answerable from accessible sources and clearly linked to the prescribed theme.

Primary versus secondary sources

Primary sources are generated by the researcher or participants: interviews, surveys, observations. Secondary sources are existing materials: news articles, journals, government reports, documentaries.

Informed consent requirements

Participants must receive clear information about the study's purpose, give voluntary agreement, be told they may withdraw, and have their identity protected through anonymity and secure data storage.

Open-ended interview questions

Open-ended questions invite extended responses and reduce interviewer influence. Leading phrasing should be avoided, questions piloted, and responses recorded with permission before transcription and coding.

Source credibility criteria

Judge sources on authority of author or institution, accuracy of data, balance of viewpoint, currency of publication, and relevance to the research question. Weakness on any criterion lowers trust.

Triangulation of findings

Triangulation corroborates a claim using at least two independent source types, such as an interview plus a news report, before the finding is treated as established.

Project report structure

Sections run: pendahuluan (aim and scope), metodologi (sources and method), temuan (findings), analisis (interpretation), kesimpulan (conclusion), and daftar pustaka. Each section has a distinct function.

Plagiarism across languages

Unattributed borrowing is plagiarism regardless of whether the source language differs from the output language. Translation without citation still constitutes academic misconduct.