HSC Indonesian Extension (NSW) key terms

The central idea or main point that a text develops, which a reader or listener must identify before summarising or evaluating the supporting details.

Secondary points, examples or evidence that explain, illustrate or justify the main idea of a spoken or written text.

Specific words, phrases or quotations taken directly from a text and used to support an interpretation or answer in analysis.

A conclusion a reader draws from clues in a text rather than from a statement made openly, requiring reasoning beyond the literal words.

Meaning that is suggested or implied rather than stated directly, often revealed through tone, word choice or what a speaker chooses to leave unsaid.

The attitude a writer or speaker conveys towards the subject or audience, such as ironic, sympathetic, critical or humorous, signalled through diction and phrasing.

The deliberate choice of words by a writer or speaker, including level of formality and connotation, which shapes the impression a text creates.

The degree of formality in language suited to a particular situation, ranging from casual conversation among friends to formal official communication.

Language that follows standard grammar and vocabulary conventions and is appropriate for official, academic or public contexts such as reports and speeches.

Informal, colloquial Indonesian used mainly in everyday conversation and youth culture, characterised by shortened forms and slang that may not suit formal writing.

A passage reproduced word for word from a source, used in analysis or essays to illustrate a point and normally marked with quotation marks.

Restating the content of a passage in your own words while keeping the original meaning, often to demonstrate understanding or to integrate evidence smoothly.

A brief account of the most important points of a text, written in the summariser's own words and omitting minor detail and repetition.

A text type that presents information or an argument to inform the reader, typically organised with a statement of position followed by supporting points.

A text that aims to persuade readers by advancing a claim supported by reasons and evidence, often anticipating and answering opposing views.

The statement of the writer's position or claim that opens an argumentative text and guides the argument that follows.

The closing section of a text that draws together the argument or findings and states what the writer wants the reader to accept.

The conventional organisation of a text type, such as orientation, complication and resolution in narrative, which helps readers follow and analyse it.

A conjunction or linking word such as namun, sehingga or oleh karena itu that shows the logical relationship between clauses, sentences or paragraphs.

The way sentences and paragraphs are linked through connectors, pronouns and repeated references so that a text reads as a unified whole.

The logical consistency of ideas in a text, so that each part follows sensibly from the previous one and supports the overall message.

An affix attached to a base word, including prefixes such as meN- and ber-, suffixes such as -kan and -i, and circumfixes such as ke-...-an, which change meaning or word class.

The root form of a word before any affixes are added, which carries the core meaning and determines how the word behaves grammatically.

A verb, the word class that expresses an action, process or state and that in Indonesian is often marked by prefixes such as meN- or ber-.

A noun, the word class naming a person, thing, place or concept, often formed in Indonesian with affixes such as peN-...-an or ke-...-an.

A sentence in which the subject receives the action, commonly formed in Indonesian with di- or with a pronoun plus the bare verb, as in buku itu sudah saya baca.

A sentence in which the subject performs the action, typically using a meN- verb, as in murid itu membaca buku.

A compound or complex sentence containing more than one clause, joined by conjunctions or punctuation, which candidates must recognise when analysing longer written texts.

A structured piece of writing in which the writer develops a position on a topic through an introduction, body paragraphs and a conclusion.

A formal letter written for official or institutional purposes, following conventions such as a heading, salutation, structured body and closing with a signature.

A speech delivered to an audience, typically opening with greetings and an introduction, developing a message, and closing with an appeal or thanks.

A review or evaluation of a work such as a film, book or event, presenting a judgement supported by reasons about its strengths and weaknesses.

A topic or matter of public concern around which discussion, debate and investigation revolve, often the starting point for an in-depth study.

The prescribed theme or broad area of study that frames the texts, issues and research a candidate engages with during the course.

The perspective from which a text is told or an issue is examined, such as that of a participant, an observer or a particular social group.

The beliefs, customs and priorities shared by a community, which shape behaviour and are often reflected in and analysed through Indonesian texts.

The sense of who a person or group is, formed by language, culture, history and social belonging, frequently explored in texts on the prescribed theme.

An oversimplified and widely held generalisation about a group of people, which analysis should identify and question rather than accept.

Original material gathered first-hand for research, such as an interview, survey, observation or original document, rather than commentary written by others.

Material that interprets or comments on original sources, such as news articles, textbooks or reviews, used to support or contextualise a study.

The approach and procedures used to gather and analyse information for a study, including choice of participants, instruments and method of interpretation.

A list of all sources cited in a piece of work, presented in a consistent format so that readers can locate the original material.

The judgement reached at the end of an investigation, stating what the findings show and how far they answer the research question.

A practical suggestion for action or further study arising from research findings, often included at the end of an in-depth study report.