QCAA Physical Education flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Motor skill

A learned, purposeful movement or task requiring voluntary control, classified along continua such as gross to fine, open to closed, and discrete to continuous.

Cognitive stage of learning

The first stage of skill acquisition, where the learner makes frequent errors, relies on conscious processing and demonstration, and needs explicit instruction and feedback.

Autonomous stage of learning

The final stage of skill acquisition, where the skill is executed automatically with few errors, allowing attention to be directed to tactics and environmental cues.

Random practice

A practice schedule in which different skills are interleaved in unpredictable order, typically producing slower acquisition but better retention and transfer than blocked practice.

Knowledge of performance

Augmented feedback about the quality or technique of a movement, such as limb position or body alignment, rather than the outcome of the action.

Negative transfer

When prior learning of one skill interferes with or hinders the learning or performance of a new, similar skill.

Torque

The turning effect of a force about an axis, calculated as force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the axis; a longer moment arm increases torque.

Projectile motion

The parabolic path of an object in flight, where horizontal velocity is constant and vertical velocity changes at about 9.8 metres per second squared.

Conservation of angular momentum

When no external torque acts, angular momentum remains constant; reducing moment of inertia by tucking the body increases angular velocity, as in a spinning diver.

Third-class lever

A lever where the applied force acts between the axis and the load, favouring speed and range of motion over force; most human limb levers are third class.

Summation of forces

Coordinating body segments so their forces combine, either sequentially in order or simultaneously together, to produce maximal velocity or force.

ATP-PC system

The immediate energy system using stored ATP and creatine phosphate, requiring no oxygen and supplying maximal efforts of roughly ten seconds or less.

Anaerobic glycolysis

Breakdown of glucose to lactate without oxygen, supplying high-intensity efforts of roughly ten seconds to two minutes and limited by hydrogen ion accumulation.

Cardiac output

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume; it rises substantially during exercise.

EPOC

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption: elevated oxygen uptake after exercise that repays the oxygen deficit and supports recovery processes.

Chronic adaptation

A long-term structural or functional change resulting from repeated training, such as increased stroke volume, capillarisation or mitochondrial density.

Specificity

The training principle that adaptations are specific to the type, intensity and duration of the training performed, so training should match the demands of the target activity.

Progressive overload

The training principle of gradually increasing the demands placed on the body beyond current levels so that fitness continues to improve without excessive fatigue.

Periodisation

Organising training into macrocycles, mesocycles and microcycles, systematically varying volume and intensity to optimise performance and peak for competition.

Stretch-shortening cycle

A rapid eccentric muscle action immediately followed by a concentric action, storing elastic energy and producing greater force, as used in plyometric training.

FITT principle

A framework for prescribing exercise using Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type, with intensity expressed as a percentage of maximum or via perceived exertion.

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation arising from internal satisfaction and enjoyment of the activity itself, rather than from external rewards or pressures.

Inverted-U hypothesis

The proposal that performance improves as arousal rises to an optimal moderate level and declines if arousal increases further.

Self-efficacy

A person's belief in their capability to execute a specific task successfully, shaped by mastery experiences, vicarious experience, persuasion and physiological states.

Process goal

A goal focused on the execution of specific techniques or strategies within performance, which is highly controllable and supports skill improvement.

Team cohesion

The extent to which team members are attracted to the group and motivated to remain part of it, comprising task and social dimensions.

Socialisation into sport

The process by which individuals learn and adopt sport involvement through agents such as family, peers, schools, clubs and media.

Socioeconomic barrier

A constraint on physical activity participation arising from income-related factors such as fees, equipment costs, transport and access to facilities.

Commercialisation of sport

The influence of business and sponsorship on sport, generating revenue and exposure while potentially prioritising broadcast-friendly events over grassroots participation.

Physical activity

Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure, including work, transport, household tasks and recreation.

Health-related fitness

The components of fitness associated with health: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition.

Sedentary behaviour

Time spent sitting or lying while awake with low energy expenditure, which carries health risks independent of whether activity guidelines are met.

Accelerometer

An objective device worn on the body that measures acceleration to estimate physical activity frequency, intensity and duration, though it may miss swimming and cycling.