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QCAA Physical Education study materials
QCAA Physical Education study resources

QCAA Physical Education practice questions

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Question 1Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which term describes the process by which a performer detects and interprets relevant information from the environment during a skill?

  1. Feedback
  2. Transfer
  3. Perception Correct answer.
  4. Recall

Explanation

Perception is the process of detecting, selecting and interpreting sensory information so the performer can decide how to act. It precedes decision-making in information-processing models of performance.

Question 2Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A basketball player repeatedly practises free throws from exactly the same distance and angle. This practice is best described as:

  1. Blocked practice Correct answer.
  2. Variable practice
  3. Massed practice
  4. Distributed practice

Explanation

Blocked practice involves rehearsing the same skill repeatedly in the same conditions before moving on. It suits closed skills performed in a stable environment, such as a free throw from a fixed spot.

Question 3Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

In a coaching session, the coach physically guides a gymnast's arms through a circle. This is an example of which type of guidance?

  1. Manual guidance Correct answer.
  2. Visual guidance
  3. Verbal guidance
  4. Mechanical guidance

Explanation

Manual guidance occurs when a coach or partner physically moves the learner's body through the correct pattern. It gives the learner a direct sense of the required movement pathway.

Question 4Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which type of feedback comes from the performer's own sensory systems, such as proprioception and vision, without external input?

  1. Terminal feedback
  2. Extrinsic feedback
  3. Augmented feedback
  4. Intrinsic feedback Correct answer.

Explanation

Intrinsic feedback is information the performer gathers through their own senses during and after a movement. It is available without a coach, device or other external source providing information.

Question 5Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which of the following is a characteristic of the autonomous stage of skill learning?

  1. The learner needs constant verbal guidance from the coach
  2. The learner frequently makes large errors in the movement pattern
  3. The learner can perform the skill consistently while attending to other tasks Correct answer.
  4. The learner relies heavily on conscious thought to execute the skill

Explanation

In the autonomous stage the skill is largely automatic, so performers can direct attention elsewhere while still executing well. Movements are consistent and errors are small and easily corrected.

Question 6Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A netballer lands from a jump and bends the knees to absorb the impact. Which biomechanical principle does this best illustrate?

  1. Applying force far from the centre of mass to increase rotation
  2. Increasing the time over which force is applied to reduce the force experienced Correct answer.
  3. Transferring momentum between body segments in a sequence
  4. Reducing the base of support to improve stability

Explanation

Bending the knees lengthens the time taken to stop the body's downward motion. Because impulse equals force multiplied by time, extending the stopping time reduces the peak force on the joints.

Question 7Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

In a lever system, the point about which rotation occurs is called the:

  1. Load
  2. Fulcrum Correct answer.
  3. Effort arm
  4. Resistance arm

Explanation

The fulcrum is the pivot or axis about which a lever rotates. In the body, joints act as fulcrums for the bony levers moved by muscles.

Question 8Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which practice condition is most appropriate for developing a skill that must be performed in an unpredictable, changing environment?

  1. Blocked practice in one fixed setting
  2. Part practice with the skill broken into pieces
  3. Massed practice with no rest
  4. Variable practice in varied conditions Correct answer.

Explanation

Open skills performed in changing environments require the learner to adapt, so varying conditions during practice builds flexible movement patterns. Variable practice supports the performer's ability to adjust to unpredictable situations.

Question 9Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A coach tells a swimmer to 'reach long and finish past the hip' during a drill. This instruction is best classified as:

  1. Intrinsic feedback
  2. Visual guidance
  3. Verbal guidance Correct answer.
  4. Manual guidance

Explanation

Verbal guidance uses spoken words, cues or instructions to direct the learner's attention to key features of the skill. The coach's phrase is a verbal cue, not a demonstration or physical manipulation.

Question 10Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

According to Newton's third law, when a sprinter pushes backwards against the starting blocks, the blocks exert:

  1. A smaller forward force on the sprinter
  2. An equal forward force on the sprinter Correct answer.
  3. No force because the blocks are stationary
  4. A force only after the sprinter leaves the blocks

Explanation

Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The backward push against the blocks is matched by an equal forward force from the blocks on the sprinter.

Question 11Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A coach wants a beginner to learn a complex, high-risk skill such as a gymnastics vault. Which approach is most suitable?

  1. Whole practice with minimal guidance from the start
  2. Part practice with manual and mechanical guidance Correct answer.
  3. Variable practice under competitive pressure
  4. Massed practice with no rest intervals

Explanation

Complex, high-risk skills are best introduced by breaking them into manageable parts with support such as manual and mechanical guidance. This reduces the risk of injury and overload while the learner builds the correct pattern.

Question 12Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A performer's results improve during training but decline in competition. Which explanation is most consistent with motor learning theory?

  1. The performer has reached the autonomous stage
  2. The performer's learning is not yet durable or adaptable Correct answer.
  3. The performer has forgotten the skill entirely
  4. The performer is receiving too much intrinsic feedback

Explanation

Performance during practice does not always reflect permanent learning. A performer who performs well in training but poorly under competition conditions has not yet developed durable, adaptable movement patterns.

Question 13Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which statement best explains why a coach uses a video replay immediately after a gymnast's routine?

  1. It replaces the gymnast's intrinsic feedback permanently
  2. It increases the gymnast's arousal before the next attempt
  3. It provides augmented feedback about technique the gymnast could not fully detect alone Correct answer.
  4. It removes the need for practice of the skill

Explanation

Video replay is augmented feedback: it supplies external information about technique that the performer may not have detected through their own senses. It supplements rather than replaces intrinsic feedback and supports error correction.

Question 14Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A tennis player hits a ball with a racquet. Increasing the length of the racquet's resistance arm, while the effort stays the same, will generally:

  1. Decrease the speed of the racquet head at impact
  2. Increase the mass of the racquet head
  3. Increase the speed of the racquet head at impact Correct answer.
  4. Have no effect on racquet head speed

Explanation

A longer resistance arm increases the linear speed of the end of the lever for a given angular rotation. This is why longer racquets can generate greater racquet head speed, provided the player can still swing them effectively.

Question 15Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which of the following best describes the cognitive stage of motor learning?

  1. The learner refines timing and reduces errors gradually
  2. The learner adapts the skill to unpredictable environments
  3. The learner forms a mental picture and makes many errors Correct answer.
  4. Movements are fluent and require little conscious attention

Explanation

In the cognitive stage the learner is developing an understanding of the skill, often relying on demonstration and instruction. Performance is inconsistent, with many errors and a need for conscious thought.

Question 16Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A coach schedules a session with short bursts of practice followed by equal rest periods. This is an example of:

  1. Random practice
  2. Distributed practice Correct answer.
  3. Massed practice
  4. Blocked practice

Explanation

Distributed practice involves rest intervals between attempts or bouts of practice. It helps manage fatigue and can support retention, particularly for complex or physically demanding skills.

Question 17Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which factor most directly determines the stability of a performer's body position?

  1. The number of spectators present
  2. The height of the centre of mass above the base of support Correct answer.
  3. The colour of the playing surface
  4. The type of footwear branding

Explanation

Stability improves when the centre of mass is lower and lies within a larger base of support. Raising the centre of mass or reducing the base of support makes a position less stable.

Question 18Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A hockey player practising penalty corners alternates between flick shots, push shots and drag flicks in an unpredictable order. This is best described as:

  1. Massed practice
  2. Blocked practice
  3. Part practice
  4. Random practice Correct answer.

Explanation

Random practice mixes different skills in an unpredictable sequence, requiring the performer to plan each response anew. This contextual interference generally supports retention and transfer compared with blocked repetition.

Question 19Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which statement about the relationship between feedback frequency and learning is most accurate?

  1. Feedback should be given only after the learner has failed repeatedly
  2. Reduced feedback frequency can encourage the learner to use intrinsic feedback Correct answer.
  3. More frequent augmented feedback always produces better learning
  4. Feedback has no influence on skill retention

Explanation

Very frequent augmented feedback can make the learner dependent on external information. Reducing its frequency encourages the use of intrinsic feedback, which supports retention and independent performance.

Question 20Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A long jumper increases their horizontal velocity during the approach run. Which biomechanical relationship best explains why approach speed matters?

  1. Greater horizontal velocity reduces the need for a take-off angle
  2. Greater horizontal velocity decreases the force needed to stop at the board
  3. Greater horizontal velocity at take-off increases the potential range of the jump Correct answer.
  4. Greater horizontal velocity eliminates the effect of gravity on the flight path

Explanation

With greater horizontal velocity at take-off, the jumper travels further horizontally before returning to the ground, increasing the potential range. The optimum take-off angle and velocity together determine the projectile's range.

Question 21Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A coach uses a harness to support a diver while learning a new somersault. This is an example of:

  1. Extrinsic feedback
  2. Visual guidance
  3. Mechanical guidance Correct answer.
  4. Verbal guidance

Explanation

Mechanical guidance uses equipment such as harnesses, ropes or aids to control and support the learner's movement. It allows practice of a skill while reducing risk and helping the learner feel the correct pattern.

Question 22Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A coach designs practice so that a basketballer must dribble, pass and shoot in a constantly changing sequence against live defenders. Which principle is the coach primarily applying?

  1. Massed practice to build endurance
  2. Manual guidance to control movement
  3. Contextual interference to promote adaptable learning Correct answer.
  4. Part practice to reduce task complexity

Explanation

Mixing skills in a changing, game-like sequence creates contextual interference, which makes practice harder but improves retention and transfer. It also develops decision-making under realistic conditions.

Question 23Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Two athletes have the same body mass, but athlete A has a lower centre of mass and a wider stance. Compared with athlete B, athlete A will generally have:

  1. Less stability because the base of support is wider
  2. Equal stability because body mass is the same
  3. Greater stability only when moving at high speed
  4. Greater stability and greater resistance to being pushed off balance Correct answer.

Explanation

Stability increases when the centre of mass is lower and the base of support is larger, so athlete A resists displacement more effectively. Body mass alone does not determine stability; its distribution and the base of support matter.

Question 24Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A performer practises a skill in training and shows high accuracy, but under competition pressure the movement breaks down. Which interpretation is most defensible?

  1. The skill has been fully learned and the competition result is random error
  2. The performer has reached the associative stage and cannot improve further
  3. The performer needs more massed practice without rest
  4. Practice performance overestimates learning because it lacked pressure and variability Correct answer.

Explanation

Performance in practice can overestimate actual learning if the practice conditions do not resemble the performance environment. Pressure and variability test whether the skill is truly durable and adaptable.

Question 25Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

In a throwing action, the athlete sequentially rotates the hips, then trunk, then arm. Which biomechanical concept best explains the benefit of this sequence?

  1. Use of a first-class lever to increase the load
  2. Summation of forces across segments to maximise the velocity of the distal segment Correct answer.
  3. Increase of friction between the implement and the hand
  4. Reduction of the base of support to increase rotation

Explanation

Sequential activation from large proximal segments to smaller distal segments allows forces and velocities to accumulate. This summation of forces produces a higher final velocity at the hand or implement.

Question 26Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which term describes the process by which a performer detects and interprets information from the environment to guide movement?

  1. Memory trace
  2. Effector
  3. Perception Correct answer.
  4. Reflex arc

Explanation

Perception is the stage of information processing in which sensory input is detected, selected and given meaning before a response is chosen. It precedes decision making and the execution of movement by the effector system.

Question 27Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

During the associative stage of motor learning, a performer typically:

  1. Performs the skill automatically with little conscious attention
  2. Refines technique and links movement components more consistently Correct answer.
  3. Makes frequent large errors and needs constant demonstration
  4. Cannot yet detect their own errors without external help

Explanation

The associative stage is characterised by refinement of the skill, with learners detecting and correcting some errors themselves and producing more consistent, coordinated movements. It sits between the error-prone cognitive stage and the automatic stage.

Question 28Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A gymnast holds a handstand still on the mat. Which term best describes this state?

  1. Linear motion
  2. Dynamic balance
  3. Angular momentum
  4. Static balance Correct answer.

Explanation

Static balance occurs when the body's centre of mass is maintained over its base of support while the body remains stationary. Holding a handstand requires continuous small corrections to keep the centre of mass aligned above the hands.

Question 29Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which type of joint allows the greatest range of movement and is therefore most useful for producing large limb swings in sport?

  1. Hinge joint
  2. Gliding joint
  3. Ball-and-socket joint Correct answer.
  4. Suture joint

Explanation

Ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder and hip, permit movement in three planes including flexion, extension, abduction, rotation and circumduction. This multi-planar range supports large swinging actions in throwing and striking.

Question 30Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A force applied to a body some distance from its axis of rotation produces a:

  1. Torque Correct answer.
  2. Impulse
  3. Resultant force
  4. Friction force

Explanation

Torque, or moment of force, is the rotational effect of a force applied at a distance from an axis. Its size depends on both the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance from the axis.

Question 31Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which practice method involves performing a skill in its complete form from the beginning of learning?

  1. Part practice
  2. Mental rehearsal
  3. Progressive part practice
  4. Whole practice Correct answer.

Explanation

Whole practice requires the learner to perform the entire skill as a single unit rather than breaking it into segments. It suits skills that are fast, continuous and difficult to separate without losing their timing.

Question 32Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A force platform records the ground reaction force during a vertical jump. This measurement is most directly used to assess:

  1. The magnitude and timing of forces the athlete applies to the ground Correct answer.
  2. The athlete's reaction time to a starting signal
  3. The athlete's flexibility about the hip joint
  4. The athlete's aerobic capacity during the jump

Explanation

A force platform measures the forces exchanged between the athlete and the ground, including their magnitude, direction and timing. This information allows analysis of impulse production and jump technique.

Question 33Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which of the following is an example of external feedback?

  1. A cyclist noticing increased breathing rate
  2. A coach telling a player their elbow dropped during a shot Correct answer.
  3. A runner sensing their foot strike pattern
  4. A swimmer feeling the water resistance on the hand

Explanation

External feedback comes from sources outside the performer, such as a coach's verbal comment or video replay. Intrinsic feedback arises from the performer's own sensory systems.

Question 34Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A basketballer wants to increase the vertical height of their jump. Applying the impulse-momentum relationship, which change would most increase jump height?

  1. Reducing the ground reaction force during push-off
  2. Landing with straighter legs to shorten the braking phase
  3. Shortening the push-off time while keeping force constant
  4. Increasing the time over which a large force is applied to the ground Correct answer.

Explanation

Impulse equals force multiplied by time and equals the change in momentum. Applying a large force over a longer contact period increases take-off velocity, raising jump height.

Question 35Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A cricket bowler wants to increase the speed of the ball at release. Which change to their technique would most directly increase the linear velocity of the hand at release?

  1. Increasing the mass of the ball while keeping arm speed constant
  2. Decreasing the length of the run-up
  3. Reducing the radius of rotation of the arm
  4. Increasing the angular velocity of the bowling arm about the shoulder Correct answer.

Explanation

Linear velocity of a rotating point equals angular velocity multiplied by the radius of rotation. Raising the angular velocity of the arm therefore increases hand speed at release.

Question 36Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A coach wants a learner to acquire a discrete skill that has a clear beginning and end. Which practice design is most appropriate?

  1. Randomly alternating many unrelated skills with no rest
  2. Practising only the final phase of the skill in isolation
  3. Repeated trials of the single skill with rest between attempts Correct answer.
  4. Continuous practice of a related skill for an extended period

Explanation

Discrete skills have identifiable start and end points, so repeated trials with recovery between them allow each attempt to be performed with quality. Rest also limits fatigue that would degrade technique.

Question 37Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A netballer practising a set shot improves when the coach provides feedback after every third attempt rather than after every attempt. Which feedback principle does this illustrate?

  1. Feedback should be withheld entirely once a skill is introduced
  2. Feedback is only useful if it is delivered during the movement
  3. Reduced frequency of augmented feedback can support learning by encouraging intrinsic error detection Correct answer.
  4. Feedback should always be given after every attempt to prevent errors

Explanation

Guidance hypothesis research indicates that very frequent augmented feedback can make learners dependent on it. Reducing frequency encourages performers to use intrinsic information and detect their own errors.

Question 38Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A soccer player strikes a ball with the instep. To maximise the impulse delivered to the ball, the player should:

  1. Withdraw the foot quickly after contact
  2. Follow through so the foot stays in contact with the ball for longer Correct answer.
  3. Stop the foot at the moment of contact
  4. Use a shorter backswing with the same foot speed

Explanation

Impulse is force multiplied by contact time, so a longer contact period with a large force increases the impulse transferred to the ball. Following through extends the time over which the foot applies force.

Question 39Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which statement best explains why a coach uses distributed practice for a group of young athletes learning a new skill?

  1. Rest intervals increase the total number of repetitions performed
  2. Rest intervals reduce fatigue and support consolidation of the new skill Correct answer.
  3. Distributed practice is only suitable for highly skilled performers
  4. Distributed practice removes the need for feedback between trials

Explanation

Distributed practice intersperses rest or other activity between practice bouts, which limits fatigue and supports learning and consolidation. It is particularly useful when learners are new to a skill or the task is physically demanding.

Question 40Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A diver wants to complete more somersaults before entry. Which biomechanical principle explains why tucking tightly increases rotation?

  1. Increasing the moment of inertia increases angular velocity
  2. Tucking increases the diver's linear velocity at entry
  3. Angular momentum is created by tucking the body
  4. Reducing the moment of inertia increases angular velocity when angular momentum is conserved Correct answer.

Explanation

With no external torque, angular momentum is conserved, and angular velocity is inversely related to moment of inertia. Tucking brings mass closer to the axis, reducing moment of inertia and increasing spin rate.

Question 41Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A coach asks a novice to practise a tennis serve using a lighter racquet and a slower, simplified motion. This modification is best described as:

  1. Environmental modification to change the playing surface
  2. Changing the performer's stage of learning
  3. Task modification to reduce the difficulty of the skill Correct answer.
  4. Manipulating the performer's motivation

Explanation

Changing equipment and simplifying the movement alters the task itself, making it easier for a beginner to achieve success. Task modification is a common way to shape learning without changing the environment or the learner's stage.

Question 42Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Two athletes sprint over 20 metres. Athlete A reaches top speed quickly but decelerates early; athlete B accelerates more slowly but maintains a higher speed. Which statement best describes their acceleration profiles?

  1. Athlete B has greater initial acceleration and higher speed endurance
  2. Athlete A has greater initial acceleration but lower speed endurance Correct answer.
  3. Both athletes have identical acceleration and speed endurance
  4. Athlete A has lower initial acceleration and higher speed endurance

Explanation

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, so reaching top speed quickly indicates high initial acceleration. Decelerating early indicates lower ability to sustain speed, often described as speed endurance.

Question 43Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

Which of the following best describes the role of the base of support in balance?

  1. A larger base of support generally increases stability by widening the area over which the centre of mass can move Correct answer.
  2. The base of support has no effect on stability once the performer is stationary
  3. A larger base of support decreases stability by raising the centre of mass
  4. Stability depends only on the performer's body mass

Explanation

Stability improves when the centre of mass remains within a larger base of support, giving more tolerance for postural sway. Widening the stance therefore generally increases stability.

Question 44Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A coach notices a player consistently performs well in drills but poorly in matches. Which factor is most likely to explain this difference?

  1. The player receives too little feedback during matches
  2. The player's fitness is lower than their teammates'
  3. The player has reached the autonomous stage of learning
  4. The drills lack the perceptual and decision-making demands of match play Correct answer.

Explanation

Transfer of learning depends on similarity between practice and performance conditions, including perceptual and decision-making demands. Closed drills that remove these demands may not transfer to match play.

Question 45Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A rower shortens the oar's outboard length while keeping the same effort. What effect does this have on the force needed to move the boat?

  1. The boat's mass determines the force regardless of oar length
  2. The force at the blade decreases, so more effort is required to achieve the same propulsion Correct answer.
  3. The force remains unchanged because effort is constant
  4. The force at the blade increases, so less effort is required

Explanation

An oar acts as a lever with the blade as the resistance and the handle as the effort. Shortening the outboard length reduces the resistance arm, lowering the force at the blade for a given effort, so more effort is needed for the same propulsion.

Question 46Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A coach uses variable practice when teaching a golfer to hit shots from different lies and distances. Which outcome is most likely?

  1. Faster initial acquisition of a single repeatable swing
  2. Improved ability to adapt the skill to novel conditions during competition Correct answer.
  3. Reduced retention of the skill after practice ends
  4. Greater dependence on the coach's feedback during play

Explanation

Variable practice exposes learners to a range of conditions, promoting the development of adaptable movement schemas. This supports transfer to the unpredictable situations encountered in competition.

Question 47Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A coach analyses a sprinter's stride and notes that the foot lands ahead of the body's centre of mass, creating a braking force. Which change would most improve horizontal velocity?

  1. Landing closer beneath the centre of mass to reduce braking impulse Correct answer.
  2. Increasing stride length by reaching further forward
  3. Increasing vertical impulse at each ground contact
  4. Raising the knee higher during the swing phase only

Explanation

Foot contact ahead of the centre of mass produces a horizontal braking impulse that slows the runner. Landing closer beneath the body reduces this braking effect and allows more of the ground reaction force to contribute to forward propulsion.

Question 48Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A performer learning a complex skill is given a faded feedback schedule, where feedback is frequent at first and gradually reduced. Which explanation best justifies this schedule?

  1. Reducing feedback early prevents the performer from forming a movement template
  2. Frequent feedback throughout would maximise long-term retention
  3. Early guidance reduces error while later independence builds intrinsic error detection Correct answer.
  4. Feedback should only be given after the performer requests it

Explanation

Fading feedback provides strong guidance during early learning when errors are large, then withdraws support so learners rely on intrinsic information. This balances error reduction with the development of independent error detection.

Question 49Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

During a vertical jump, a coach notes that the athlete's centre of mass continues to rise after the feet leave the ground. Which explanation is most accurate?

  1. The athlete's mass decreases after take-off
  2. The athlete's vertical velocity at take-off carries the centre of mass upward under gravity Correct answer.
  3. The athlete's angular momentum increases after take-off
  4. The athlete continues to generate ground reaction force after take-off

Explanation

Once the feet leave the ground no external vertical force is applied by the athlete, so the centre of mass follows a parabolic path determined by take-off velocity and gravity. It continues upward until vertical velocity becomes zero.

Question 50Motor learning, biomechanics and skill acquisition

A coach wants to reduce the risk of injury when a gymnast lands from a vault. Which combination of biomechanical adjustments is most appropriate?

  1. Increasing the landing height to reduce impact velocity
  2. Landing with straight legs to shorten the absorption phase
  3. Increasing the time of force absorption by flexing the joints through a larger range Correct answer.
  4. Reducing the base of support to concentrate the force

Explanation

Impulse equals force multiplied by time, so extending the absorption phase reduces the peak force experienced by the body. Flexing the hips, knees and ankles through a larger range increases absorption time and lowers injury risk.