Aruba Landsexamen VWO cheat sheet

Argumentation structure: standpunt (claim), argumenten, tegenargument, weerlegging; signaalwoorden mark boundaries (omdat, echter, daarom).

Argumentation schemes: oorzaak-gevolg, middel-doel, kenmerk, autoriteit, voorbeeld, vergelijking, en algemeen principe; each scheme has its own critical questions.

Text types and goals: beschouwing (explores viewpoints), betoog (persuades), uiteenzetting (explains objectively), beschrijving; goal determines structure.

Literature periods in order: Middeleeuwen, Renaissance, Verlichting, Romantiek, Realisme/Naturalisme, Modernisme, Postmodernisme.

Poetic devices: enjambement (run-on line), alliteratie (same initial consonant), assonantie (same vowel), metafore vs vergelijking (comparison uses 'als').

Dyslexic/formal spelling rules: 't kofschip (stem ends in t, k, f, s, ch, p -> -te/-ten), 's after vowels at word end avoided, tussenletters -en- vs -e-.

Sentence analysis: persoonsvorm (conjugated verb, moves in question form), onderwerp (agrees with verb), lijdend voorwerp (answers 'wat/wie'), meewerkend voorwerp (answers 'aan/voor wie').

Tenses: present perfect for past action with present relevance or unfinished time; past simple for finished past with a stated or implied time.

Conditionals: zero (general truth), first (real future), second (unreal present, were for all persons), third (unreal past, had + past participle).

Passive voice: form be + past participle; use when the agent is unknown, unimportant, or obvious; report passive for formal writing.

Reported speech backshift: present to past, will to would, can to could, today to that day; pronouns and time markers shift.

Linking devices by function: contrast (however, whereas), cause (because of, due to), result (therefore, consequently), concession (although, despite + noun).

Word formation: prefixes (un-, dis-, mis-, over-) and suffixes (-ness, -ment, -able, -less) change meaning or word class; check spelling changes.

Reading strategy: distinguish main idea from supporting detail; identify tone through connotation, modality (may, must), and evaluative adjectives.

Quadratic formula: x = (-b ± √(b²-4b))/(2a); discriminant D = b²-4ac: D>0 two roots, D=0 one, D<0 none (real).

Logarithm rules: log(ab)=log a+log b; log(a/b)=log a-log b; log(a^n)=n·log a; log_b(a)=ln a/ln b.

Derivative rules: (x^n)'=n·x^(n-1); (e^x)'=e^x; (ln x)'=1/x; product rule (fg)'=f'g+fg'; chain rule f(g(x))'=f'(g(x))·g'(x).

Exponential growth: N(t)=N0·g^t with g=1+r; growth rate per time unit r; doubling time t=log 2/log g.

Trigonometry: sin²+cos²=1; tan=sin/cos; sine rule a/sin A=b/sin B=c/sin C; cosine rule a²=b²+c²-2bc·cos A.

Binomial distribution: P(X=k)=C(n,k)·p^k·(1-p)^(n-k); expected value np; standard deviation √(np(1-p)).

Normal distribution: standardise z=(x-μ)/σ; 68-95-99.7 rule for 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations; use symmetry for negative z.

Ortografia: 'ch' i 'g' ta diferensia; 'c' no ta eksistí komo letra independiente; 'k' ta usa pa sonido /k/.

Verbo: tempu presente, pasá i futuro ta wordo marca pa partikula (ta, a, lo); e partikula ta bin promé ku e verbo.

Oraishon: suheto + verbo + opheto; pregunta ta wordo forma ku invershon of ku palabra di pregunta (kiko, ken, unda, ki ora).

Genero literario: poema (rima, metrika), kuenta, novela, obra di teatro; cada genero tin su propio struktura i elementonan.

Elementonan di literatura: personahé, ambiente, tema, konflikto, punto di bista (promé of di tres persona).

Papiamento ta un lenga krioyo ku base portugues/spañó i influensia di hulandes, ingles i lenga afrikano; ortografia ta fonétiko.

Figuranan di estilo: similis (komparashon ku 'manera'), metafora, personifikashon, hiperbole, aliterashon.

Ser vs estar: ser for identity, origin, profession, permanent traits; estar for location, temporary states, progressive (estoy hablando).

Preterite vs imperfect: preterite for completed single events; imperfect for background, habits, ongoing past states; time markers help (ayer vs siempre).

Subjunctive triggers: expressions of will, emotion, doubt, and impersonal statements (es necesario que..., dudo que...); regular -ar: -e, -es, -e.

Por vs para: por for cause, exchange, duration, means; para for purpose, destination, deadline, recipient.

Gender and number: nouns ending in -o usually masculine, -a feminine; exceptions (el día, la mano); adjectives agree in gender and number.

Direct and indirect object pronouns: me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las; indirect le/les; both together indirect before direct (me lo da).

Accent rules: words ending in vowel, -n or -s stress penultimate by default; otherwise written accent marks the stressed syllable.

Dutch constitutional order: Trias Politica - wetgevende (Staten-Generaal), uitvoerende (regering), rechtsprekende (rechters); checks and balances between them.

Dutch electoral system: evenredige vertegenwoordiging, kiesdeler = total votes / seats; no threshold except one full seat; coalitions needed.

Aruba status: land binnen het Koninkrijk since 1986 (Status Aparte); Kingdom affairs include defense, foreign affairs, nationality, and currency.

Geographical concepts: push/pull factors in migration; demographic transition model stages; urbanisation and primate city patterns.

Climate and landscapes: Köppen classification; tropical savanna and steppe climates in the Caribbean; trade winds and dry season.

Historical periodisation: Prehistorie, Oudheid, Middeleeuwen, Vroegmoderne tijd, Moderne tijd; key markers are writing, printing, and industrialisation.

Civics: grondrechten (vrijheid van meningsuiting, godsdienst, vereniging); rule of law means government is also bound by law.

Newton's second law: F_net = m·a; weight W = m·g (g ≈ 9.81 m/s²); friction opposes motion and depends on normal force.

Energy: E_k = ½mv²; E_p = mgh; conservation of energy unless work is done by friction or external forces.

Ohm's law: U = I·R; power P = U·I; series resistors add, parallel resistors 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2.

Moles: n = m/M; molar mass in g/mol; Avogadro number 6.02×10²³ particles per mole; concentration c = n/V.

Acids and bases: pH = -log[H₃O⁺]; strong acid fully dissociates; neutralisation acid + base → salt + water.

Cell biology: prokaryote vs eukaryote (nucleus absent/present); mitochondria for respiration; chloroplasts for photosynthesis; DNA replication semi-conservative.

Genetics: genotype vs phenotype; dominant/recessive alleles; monohybrid cross ratios 3:1 phenotype, 1:2:1 genotype.

Demand and supply: demand curve slopes downward, supply upward; equilibrium where they intersect; surplus pushes price down, shortage pushes it up.

Price elasticity of demand: % change in quantity / % change in price; elastic if |E|>1, inelastic if |E|<1; revenue effect depends on elasticity.

National income: GDP = C + I + G + (X − M); nominal vs real GDP; GDP per capita measures average income.

Inflation: measured by CPI; demand-pull and cost-push causes; real interest rate ≈ nominal rate − inflation.

Market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly; number of sellers and product differentiation differ.

Business: break-even quantity = fixed costs / (price − variable cost per unit); contribution margin per unit is the denominator.

Balance sheet identity: assets = liabilities + equity; liquidity vs solvency; current ratio = current assets / current liabilities.

Research cycle: probleemstelling → onderzoeksvraag → deelvragen → methode → dataverzameling → analyse → conclusie → discussie.

Research question criteria: specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound; must be answerable with available data.

Validity vs reliability: validity means measuring the intended construct; reliability means consistent repeatable measurement.

Sampling: random, stratified, convenience; sample size affects precision; bias arises from non-representative selection.

Data types: kwantitatief (numbers) vs kwalitatief (text, interviews); nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio measurement levels.

Correlation does not imply causation; confounding variables and selection bias must be addressed in the discussion.

Source evaluation: authority, currency, objectivity, purpose, and corroboration; cite according to a consistent referencing style.

Argumentation structure: standpunt (claim), argumenten, tegenargument, weerlegging; signaalwoorden mark boundaries (omdat, echter, daarom).

Argumentation schemes: oorzaak-gevolg, middel-doel, kenmerk, autoriteit, voorbeeld, vergelijking, en algemeen principe; each scheme has its own critical questions.

Text types and goals: beschouwing (explores viewpoints), betoog (persuades), uiteenzetting (explains objectively), beschrijving; goal determines structure.

Literature periods in order: Middeleeuwen, Renaissance, Verlichting, Romantiek, Realisme/Naturalisme, Modernisme, Postmodernisme.

Poetic devices: enjambement (run-on line), alliteratie (same initial consonant), assonantie (same vowel), metafore vs vergelijking (comparison uses 'als').

Spelling rules: 't kofschip (stem ends in t, k, f, s, ch, p -> -te/-ten), 's after vowels at word end avoided, tussenletters -en- vs -e-.

Sentence analysis: persoonsvorm (conjugated verb, moves in question form), onderwerp (agrees with verb), lijdend voorwerp (answers 'wat/wie'), meewerkend voorwerp (answers 'aan/voor wie').

Tenses: present perfect for past action with present relevance or unfinished time; past simple for finished past with a stated or implied time.

Conditionals: zero (general truth), first (real future), second (unreal present, were for all persons), third (unreal past, had + past participle).

Passive voice: form be + past participle; use when the agent is unknown, unimportant, or obvious; report passive for formal writing.

Reported speech backshift: present to past, will to would, can to could, today to that day; pronouns and time markers shift.

Linking devices by function: contrast (however, whereas), cause (because of, due to), result (therefore, consequently), concession (although, despite + noun).

Word formation: prefixes (un-, dis-, mis-, over-) and suffixes (-ness, -ment, -able, -less) change meaning or word class; check spelling changes.

Reading strategy: distinguish main idea from supporting detail; identify tone through connotation, modality (may, must), and evaluative adjectives.

Quadratic formula: x = (-b ± √(b²-4ac))/(2a); discriminant D = b²-4ac: D>0 two roots, D=0 one, D<0 none (real).

Logarithm rules: log(ab)=log a+log b; log(a/b)=log a-log b; log(a^n)=n·log a; log_b(a)=ln a/ln b.

Derivative rules: (x^n)'=n·x^(n-1); (e^x)'=e^x; (ln x)'=1/x; product rule (fg)'=f'g+fg'; chain rule f(g(x))'=f'(g(x))·g'(x).

Exponential growth: N(t)=N0·g^t with g=1+r; growth rate per time unit r; doubling time t=log 2/log g.

Trigonometry: sin²+cos²=1; tan=sin/cos; sine rule a/sin A=b/sin B=c/sin C; cosine rule a²=b²+c²-2bc·cos A.

Binomial distribution: P(X=k)=C(n,k)·p^k·(1-p)^(n-k); expected value np; standard deviation √(np(1-p)).

Normal distribution: standardise z=(x-μ)/σ; 68-95-99.7 rule for 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations; use symmetry for negative z.

Ortografia: 'ch' i 'g' ta diferensia; 'c' no ta eksistí komo letra independiente; 'k' ta usa pa sonido /k/.

Verbo: tempu presente, pasá i futuro ta wordo marca pa partikula (ta, a, lo); e partikula ta bin promé ku e verbo.

Oraishon: suheto + verbo + opheto; pregunta ta wordo forma ku invershon of ku palabra di pregunta (kiko, ken, unda, ki ora).

Genero literario: poema (rima, metrika), kuenta, novela, obra di teatro; cada genero tin su propio struktura i elementonan.

Elementonan di literatura: personahé, ambiente, tema, konflikto, punto di bista (promé of di tres persona).

Papiamento ta un lenga krioyo ku base portugues/spañó i influensia di hulandes, ingles i lenga afrikano; ortografia ta fonétiko.

Figuranan di estilo: similis (komparashon ku 'manera'), metafora, personifikashon, hiperbole, aliterashon.

Ser vs estar: ser for identity, origin, profession, permanent traits; estar for location, temporary states, progressive (estoy hablando).

Preterite vs imperfect: preterite for completed single events; imperfect for background, habits, ongoing past states; time markers help (ayer vs siempre).

Subjunctive triggers: expressions of will, emotion, doubt, and impersonal statements (es necesario que..., dudo que...); regular -ar: -e, -es, -e.

Por vs para: por for cause, exchange, duration, means; para for purpose, destination, deadline, recipient.

Gender and number: nouns ending in -o usually masculine, -a feminine; exceptions (el día, la mano); adjectives agree in gender and number.

Direct and indirect object pronouns: me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las; indirect le/les; both together indirect before direct (me lo da).

Accent rules: words ending in vowel, -n or -s stress penultimate by default; otherwise written accent marks the stressed syllable.

Dutch constitutional order: Trias Politica - wetgevende (Staten-Generaal), uitvoerende (regering), rechtsprekende (rechters); checks and balances between them.

Dutch electoral system: evenredige vertegenwoordiging, kiesdeler = total votes / seats; no threshold except one full seat; coalitions needed.

Aruba status: land binnen het Koninkrijk since 1986 (Status Aparte); Kingdom affairs include defense, foreign affairs, nationality, and currency.

Geographical concepts: push/pull factors in migration; demographic transition model stages; urbanisation and primate city patterns.

Climate and landscapes: Köppen classification; tropical savanna and steppe climates in the Caribbean; trade winds and dry season.

Historical periodisation: Prehistorie, Oudheid, Middeleeuwen, Vroegmoderne tijd, Moderne tijd; key markers are writing, printing, and industrialisation.

Civics: grondrechten (vrijheid van meningsuiting, godsdienst, vereniging); rule of law means government is also bound by law.

Newton's second law: F_net = m·a; weight W = m·g (g ≈ 9.81 m/s²); friction opposes motion and depends on normal force.

Energy: E_k = ½mv²; E_p = mgh; conservation of energy unless work is done by friction or external forces.

Ohm's law: U = I·R; power P = U·I; series resistors add, parallel resistors 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2.

Moles: n = m/M; molar mass in g/mol; Avogadro number 6.02×10²³ particles per mole; concentration c = n/V.

Acids and bases: pH = -log[H₃O⁺]; strong acid fully dissociates; neutralisation acid + base → salt + water.

Cell biology: prokaryote vs eukaryote (nucleus absent/present); mitochondria for respiration; chloroplasts for photosynthesis; DNA replication semi-conservative.

Genetics: genotype vs phenotype; dominant/recessive alleles; monohybrid cross ratios 3:1 phenotype, 1:2:1 genotype.

Demand and supply: demand curve slopes downward, supply upward; equilibrium where they intersect; surplus pushes price down, shortage pushes it up.

Price elasticity of demand: % change in quantity / % change in price; elastic if |E|>1, inelastic if |E|<1; revenue effect depends on elasticity.

National income: GDP = C + I + G + (X − M); nominal vs real GDP; GDP per capita measures average income.

Inflation: measured by CPI; demand-pull and cost-push causes; real interest rate ≈ nominal rate − inflation.

Market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly; number of sellers and product differentiation differ.

Business: break-even quantity = fixed costs / (price − variable cost per unit); contribution margin per unit is the denominator.

Balance sheet identity: assets = liabilities + equity; liquidity vs solvency; current ratio = current assets / current liabilities.

Research cycle: probleemstelling → onderzoeksvraag → deelvragen → methode → dataverzameling → analyse → conclusie → discussie.

Research question criteria: specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound; must be answerable with available data.

Validity vs reliability: validity means measuring the intended construct; reliability means consistent repeatable measurement.

Sampling: random, stratified, convenience; sample size affects precision; bias arises from non-representative selection.

Data types: kwantitatief (numbers) vs kwalitatief (text, interviews); nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio measurement levels.

Correlation does not imply causation; confounding variables and selection bias must be addressed in the discussion.

Source evaluation: authority, currency, objectivity, purpose, and corroboration; cite according to a consistent referencing style.