Aruba Landsexamen VWO flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Standpunt

The main claim a writer defends in an argumentative text. It answers the question 'What should the reader accept as true or do?' and is supported by arguments and often a rebuttal.

Betoog

A persuasive text type in Dutch in which the writer defends a standpoint with arguments and tries to convince the reader. It differs from a beschouwing, which weighs viewpoints without forcing a conclusion.

Enjambement

A poetic device where a sentence or phrase continues past the end of a verse line without a pause. The line break interrupts the syntactic unit and often creates tension or emphasis.

Present perfect

English tense formed with have/has plus past participle. It expresses a past action with present relevance or an action in a period that is still unfinished, as in 'I have lived here since 2010'.

Second conditional

A conditional sentence for unreal or hypothetical present situations: if plus past simple in the condition, would plus base verb in the result, as in 'If I were rich, I would travel'.

Reported speech backshift

When direct speech becomes indirect, tenses usually move one step back: present to past, will to would, can to could. Pronouns and time expressions also shift accordingly.

Discriminant

For a quadratic ax²+bx+c=0, D equals b²−4ac. If D is positive there are two real roots, if zero one real root, and if negative no real roots.

Chain rule

Differentiation rule for composite functions: the derivative of f(g(x)) equals f'(g(x)) multiplied by g'(x). It is essential for functions such as e^(3x) or ln(2x+1).

Cosine rule

In any triangle, a² equals b² plus c² minus 2bc times the cosine of angle A. It finds a side or angle when three sides or two sides and the included angle are known.

Binomial probability

The probability of exactly k successes in n independent trials with success probability p is C(n,k) times p^k times (1−p)^(n−k). Expected value equals np.

Partikula ta

Na un verbo, e partikula 'ta' ta marca tempu presente na Papiamento, manera 'mi ta traha'. E partikula ta bin promé ku e verbo den e orashon.

Similis

Un figura di estilo den literatura unda dos kos ta wordo kompara ku e palabra 'manera', por ehemplo 'e mucha ta fuerte manera un leon'. Esaki ta diferensiá di metafora.

Punto di bista

E perspectiva for di kua un historia ta wordo conta: promé persona (mi), di dos persona (bo) of di tres persona (e, nan). E punto di bista ta influensiá kon e lesadó ta experiensiá e texto.

Ser versus estar

Spanish has two verbs for 'to be'. Ser expresses identity, origin, profession and inherent traits; estar expresses location, temporary states and progressive actions, as in 'estoy cansado'.

Preterite versus imperfect

The preterite marks completed single past events, while the imperfect describes background, habits or ongoing states in the past. Time markers such as ayer or siempre often signal which to use.

Por versus para

Por expresses cause, exchange, duration or means; para expresses purpose, destination, deadline or recipient. Compare 'gracias por tu ayuda' with 'este regalo es para ti'.

Trias Politica

Montesquieu's separation of state power into legislative, executive and judicial branches. Each branch checks the others, preventing concentration of power and protecting the rule of law.

Kiesdeler

In Dutch proportional elections, the total number of valid votes divided by the number of seats. A party wins as many seats as the number of times the kiesdeler fits into its vote total.

Status Aparte

The status Aruba received in 1986 as a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Defence, foreign affairs, nationality and currency remain Kingdom affairs.

Demographic transition

A model describing population change through stages: high birth and death rates, then falling death rates with rapid growth, then falling birth rates and stabilisation.

Newton's second law

The net force on an object equals its mass times its acceleration, written F = m·a. A larger mass needs more force for the same acceleration, and zero net force means constant velocity.

Mole

The amount of substance containing 6.02×10²³ particles, Avogadro's number. The number of moles equals mass in grams divided by molar mass in grams per mole.

pH

The negative base-10 logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration. A pH below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic; each unit represents a tenfold change.

Monohybrid cross

A genetic cross tracking one trait with two alleles. Crossing two heterozygotes gives a 3:1 phenotype ratio and a 1:2:1 genotype ratio in the offspring.

Price elasticity of demand

The percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. Demand is elastic above 1 and inelastic below 1; revenue effects depend on this value.

Break-even quantity

The number of units a business must sell to cover total costs. It equals fixed costs divided by the difference between price and variable cost per unit.

GDP identity

Gross domestic product equals consumption plus investment plus government spending plus exports minus imports. It measures the total value of goods and services produced within a country.

Current ratio

Current assets divided by current liabilities. It indicates short-term liquidity: a ratio below 1 suggests the firm may struggle to pay obligations due within one year.

Onderzoeksvraag

The central question guiding a research project. It must be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound, and answerable with the data the researcher can realistically collect.

Validity versus reliability

Validity means an instrument measures the construct it is intended to measure. Reliability means repeated measurements give consistent results. A measurement can be reliable yet invalid.

Correlation versus causation

Correlation means two variables change together; causation means one produces the other. A correlation may be caused by a confounding variable, so experiments or further evidence are needed.

Kwantitatief versus kwalitatief

Quantitative data are numerical and analysed statistically, such as test scores. Qualitative data are textual or observational, such as interview transcripts, and are analysed thematically for meaning.