AWS D1.1 Endorsement key terms

A written document that lists the welding variables, such as process, filler metal, current, voltage, travel speed, and preheat, that a fabricator must follow when making production welds under the code.

The record of the variables actually used and the mechanical test results obtained when a candidate welding procedure was welded and tested to prove it can produce sound welds.

A documented test in which an individual welder deposits a weld that is visually examined and mechanically tested to demonstrate that the person can make code-quality welds with a given process and position.

A welding parameter, such as filler metal classification, welding position, or preheat, that is significant enough that changing it requires requalification of the procedure or of the welder.

A welding procedure that the code approves without mechanical testing, provided the fabricator uses only the processes, joint details, and variable ranges D1.1 lists and stays within all of its limits.

A weld so important to a seismic-force-resisting system that the code adds toughness, qualification, and inspection requirements beyond those applied to ordinary structural welds.

A structure whose connections are designed for loads applied so rarely or so slowly that fatigue from repeated stress cycles does not govern the design of its welded joints.

A structure that experiences enough repeated stress cycles that fatigue must be evaluated, so its welded connections face extra detailing, toughness, and inspection requirements.

A groove weld in which weld metal extends through the full thickness of the joint, so the connection can develop the full strength of the thinner part being joined.

A groove weld whose fusion extends only partway through the joint thickness, with the required depth shown on the drawing and the weld designed for that reduced capacity.

The shortest distance from the weld root to the weld face, measured through the weld cross section, that is used to compute the strength of a groove weld.

The leg length of the largest right triangle that fits inside the fillet weld cross section; it is the dimension used in design to calculate the weld's capacity.

The temperature to which the base metal around the joint is raised before welding starts, slowing the cooling rate and reducing the risk of cracking in the heat-affected zone.

The temperature of the weld and surrounding base metal measured just before the next pass is deposited; the code sets a maximum to protect toughness and mechanical properties.

The energy delivered per unit length of weld, calculated from current, voltage, and travel speed, which strongly influences cooling rate, toughness, and shrinkage in the completed joint.

A groove melted into the base metal at the weld toe or root that weld metal does not fill, reducing the section thickness and creating a stress concentration.

Cavities in weld metal formed by gas trapped as the metal solidifies; the code limits their size and number according to the weld type and inspection method used.

A condition in which weld metal fails to unite with the base metal or with a previously deposited pass, leaving a planar flaw that sharply reduces the joint's strength.

A defect in a groove weld where weld metal does not reach through the required joint depth, leaving an unwelded gap at the root of the joint.

Nonmetallic slag from the welding process trapped in weld metal or between weld metal and base metal, usually caused by poor cleaning between passes.

Examination of the weld and its preparation by eye, using lighting and measuring gauges, to find surface discontinuities and to verify size, profile, and cleanliness.

A volumetric examination that sends high-frequency sound into the weld and interprets returning echoes to locate internal flaws such as cracks and lack of fusion.

A volumetric examination that passes radiation through the weld onto film or a digital detector, producing an image whose density changes reveal internal discontinuities.

A surface and near-surface examination in which the part is magnetized and iron particles applied; discontinuities reveal themselves where the magnetic field leaks out.

A surface examination that applies a liquid which seeps into open flaws by capillary action, then develops it to make cracks and tight surface discontinuities visible.

The limits the code places on the type, size, and frequency of discontinuities that may remain in a weld for it to be judged acceptable.

Welding done to correct a discontinuity in a completed weld or in base metal, performed under an approved procedure and normally reexamined by the method that found the flaw.

A toughness test in which a notched bar is struck by a falling pendulum; the absorbed energy shows how well the weld resists brittle fracture at a stated temperature.

The standard drawing notation of lines, arrows, and figures that tells the fabricator the joint type, weld size, length, spacing, groove detail, and finish required.

A short temporary weld used to hold parts in alignment until final welding; the code requires it to be made by a qualified welder and to be of sound quality.

Removing the root of a groove weld by arc or thermal gouging or by grinding before welding the second side, so the two passes join into sound, fully fused metal.

Material placed at the root of a groove weld to support molten weld metal; it may be steel left in place, removable, or a consumable insert, and it affects qualification.

The gap between the parts to be joined at the root of the joint, specified on the detail because it controls penetration and fusion at the weld root.

A person who has passed the AWS certified welding inspector examination and holds current certification, documenting the competence needed to perform inspections the code requires.

The designated individual's power to verify that materials, procedures, welders, and workmanship meet the code, and to reject work that does not, pending correction.

Fabrication or welding that fails a code requirement; it must be documented, corrected by repair or replacement, and reexamined before the work can be accepted.

The requirement that WPSs, PQRs, welder qualification records, and inspection reports be kept for the period the code or contract states and be available for review.

Permanent change in the shape of a welded assembly caused by uneven heating, cooling, and shrinkage of weld metal, controlled through sequence, fit-up, and restraint.