Stručni ispit za zdravstvene radnike cheat sheet

The Law on Health Care (Zakon o zdravstvenoj zaštiti) defines health activities, provider and patient duties, and the state-county-local organisation of the system.

The Ministry of Health sets policy, drafts health legislation, plans the public health network, conducts health inspection and oversees national health institutions.

The Croatian Health Insurance Fund (HZZO) is the statutory compulsory insurer; the Croatian Institute of Public Health (HZJZ) runs epidemiology, registries and public-health programmes.

Primary care is first contact: general/family medicine, paediatrics, gynaecology, dentistry, community nursing and pharmacy; it controls access through referrals.

Secondary care comprises specialist outpatient and general hospital services; tertiary care comprises clinics, clinical hospital centres and national institutes for highly specialised care.

The public health network (mreža javne zdravstvene službe) is the Ministry-defined plan of institutions and teams that must cover each county and forms the basis for HZZO contracts.

Counties found and own health centres and general hospitals; the state founds clinical hospital centres and national institutes; private providers and concessions operate alongside public institutions.

Emergency medical service is organised at county and state level, with dispatch via 194 and hospital emergency departments; professional chambers maintain registration and discipline.

Patient rights include information, informed consent, refusal of treatment, privacy, confidentiality, access to records, second opinion, complaint and compensation.

Valid informed consent requires capacity, understandable information on diagnosis, procedure, risks, benefits, alternatives and consequences of refusal; consent may be withdrawn.

In an emergency, necessary care may be provided without consent when delay threatens life or serious health and the patient cannot consent; document the reason and the least restrictive action.

For minors and patients lacking capacity, consent generally comes from a legal representative; the law also requires consideration of the patient's own expressed wishes where feasible.

Patients may inspect and obtain a copy of their medical record; healthcare workers must keep accurate records, protect them and release data only to authorized persons or under law.

Complaints normally start with the institution's patient rights commissioner, then may go to the county administrative body responsible for patient rights and to the Ministry of Health.

Healthcare workers must provide care within their competence, respond to emergencies, refer when needed, document care, report adverse events and maintain confidentiality.

Patient obligations include giving accurate health information, following agreed treatment, respecting staff and other patients, and meeting lawful co-payment obligations.

HZZO administers compulsory health insurance for residents and eligible family members; insured status is evidenced by the health insurance card and HZZO records.

Compulsory insurance is financed mainly by payroll contributions, state budget transfers for protected groups, co-payments, supplementary insurance and other HZZO revenues.

The benefits package covers primary care, specialist and hospital care, emergency care, maternity care, chronic disease care, medicines and devices from HZZO lists, rehabilitation, home care and palliative care.

The chosen general/family doctor acts as gatekeeper: most specialist and hospital services require a referral (uputnica), while emergency care does not.

Co-payment (participacija) applies to certain medicines, devices and services; statutory exemptions protect groups such as children and other legally defined categories.

Supplementary health insurance is voluntary and covers co-payments or additional costs; it does not replace compulsory insurance or change the statutory benefits package.

HZZO contracts providers that meet network, staffing and quality conditions; primary-care payment commonly uses capitation, while hospital payment uses activity or case-based methods.

Emergency care must be provided regardless of insurance status; costs may later be charged to the patient or another payer, and vulnerable groups may be state-funded.

Core ethical principles are patient autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice; they guide consent, best-interest decisions, harm reduction and fair use of limited resources.

Confidentiality covers all patient information learned during care, including spoken, written and electronic data, and continues after the care relationship ends.

Disclosure without consent is permitted only under legal exceptions, such as mandatory disease reporting, child protection, court order, or serious danger to an identifiable third party where the law allows.

Accountability has criminal, civil, disciplinary and administrative dimensions; professional chambers conduct disciplinary proceedings for breach of professional duties.

Capacity assessment examines understanding, appreciation, reasoning and voluntary choice; a capable patient may refuse even beneficial treatment after being informed of consequences.

Conflicts of interest, including gifts or industry incentives, must be avoided, declared and managed so that clinical judgement and prescribing follow guidelines and patient interest.

Research requires ethics committee approval, valid informed consent, confidentiality safeguards and special protection for vulnerable participants.

After an adverse event, the ethical response is prompt patient safety action, honest disclosure within legal limits, documentation and incident reporting for system learning.

Occupational risk assessment is mandatory; control follows the hierarchy of elimination, engineering controls, administrative measures and personal protective equipment.

Standard precautions apply to every patient: hand hygiene, gloves, gowns, masks, eye protection, safe sharps handling, clean surfaces and correct waste segregation.

The WHO five moments require hand hygiene before patient contact, before clean/aseptic procedure, after body-fluid exposure, after patient contact and after touching surroundings.

Sharps must not be recapped; they go immediately into puncture-resistant containers, and needlestick injuries are washed, reported and assessed for HBV, HCV and HIV prophylaxis.

Healthcare workers should be vaccinated against Hepatitis B and other indicated diseases; post-exposure management includes source assessment, prophylaxis and follow-up.

Patient identification uses at least two identifiers before medicines, blood products and procedures; high-alert medicines require independent checks and medication reconciliation.

The surgical safety checklist uses sign-in before anaesthesia, time-out before incision and sign-out after surgery to confirm identity, site, procedure, allergies and counts.

Incident reporting and root cause analysis are nonpunitive learning tools that examine system failures; quality is monitored through indicators, audits, guidelines and accreditation.

The Law on Health Care (Zakon o zdravstvenoj zaštiti) defines health activities, provider and patient duties, and the state-county-local organisation of the system.

The Ministry of Health sets policy, drafts health legislation, plans the public health network, conducts health inspection and oversees national health institutions.

The Croatian Health Insurance Fund (HZZO) is the statutory compulsory insurer; the Croatian Institute of Public Health (HZJZ) runs epidemiology, registries and public-health programmes.

Primary care is first contact: general/family medicine, paediatrics, gynaecology, dentistry, community nursing and pharmacy; it controls access through referrals.

Secondary care comprises specialist outpatient and general hospital services; tertiary care comprises clinics, clinical hospital centres and national institutes for highly specialised care.

The public health network (mreža javne zdravstvene službe) is the Ministry-defined plan of institutions and teams that must cover each county and forms the basis for HZZO contracts.

Counties found and own health centres and general hospitals; the state founds clinical hospital centres and national institutes; private providers and concessions operate alongside public institutions.

Emergency medical service is organised at county and state level, with dispatch via 194 and hospital emergency departments; professional chambers maintain registration and discipline.

Patient rights include information, informed consent, refusal of treatment, privacy, confidentiality, access to records, second opinion, complaint and compensation.

Valid informed consent requires capacity, understandable information on diagnosis, procedure, risks, benefits, alternatives and consequences of refusal; consent may be withdrawn.

In an emergency, necessary care may be provided without consent when delay threatens life or serious health and the patient cannot consent; document the reason and the least restrictive action.

For minors and patients lacking capacity, consent generally comes from a legal representative; the law also requires consideration of the patient's own expressed wishes where feasible.

Patients may inspect and obtain a copy of their medical record; healthcare workers must keep accurate records, protect them and release data only to authorized persons or under law.

Complaints normally start with the institution's patient rights commissioner, then may go to the county administrative body responsible for patient rights and to the Ministry of Health.

Healthcare workers must provide care within their competence, respond to emergencies, refer when needed, document care, report adverse events and maintain confidentiality.

Patient obligations include giving accurate health information, following agreed treatment, respecting staff and other patients, and meeting lawful co-payment obligations.

HZZO administers compulsory health insurance for residents and eligible family members; insured status is evidenced by the health insurance card and HZZO records.

Compulsory insurance is financed mainly by payroll contributions, state budget transfers for protected groups, co-payments, supplementary insurance and other HZZO revenues.

The benefits package covers primary care, specialist and hospital care, emergency care, maternity care, chronic disease care, medicines and devices from HZZO lists, rehabilitation, home care and palliative care.

The chosen general/family doctor acts as gatekeeper: most specialist and hospital services require a referral (uputnica), while emergency care does not.

Co-payment (participacija) applies to certain medicines, devices and services; statutory exemptions protect groups such as children and other legally defined categories.

Supplementary health insurance is voluntary and covers co-payments or additional costs; it does not replace compulsory insurance or change the statutory benefits package.

HZZO contracts providers that meet network, staffing and quality conditions; primary-care payment commonly uses capitation, while hospital payment uses activity or case-based methods.

Emergency care must be provided regardless of insurance status; costs may later be charged to the patient or another payer, and vulnerable groups may be state-funded.

Core ethical principles are patient autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice; they guide consent, best-interest decisions, harm reduction and fair use of limited resources.

Confidentiality covers all patient information learned during care, including spoken, written and electronic data, and continues after the care relationship ends.

Disclosure without consent is permitted only under legal exceptions, such as mandatory disease reporting, child protection, court order, or serious danger to an identifiable third party where the law allows.

Accountability has criminal, civil, disciplinary and administrative dimensions; professional chambers conduct disciplinary proceedings for breach of professional duties.

Capacity assessment examines understanding, appreciation, reasoning and voluntary choice; a capable patient may refuse even beneficial treatment after being informed of consequences.

Conflicts of interest, including gifts or industry incentives, must be avoided, declared and managed so that clinical judgement and prescribing follow guidelines and patient interest.

Research requires ethics committee approval, valid informed consent, confidentiality safeguards and special protection for vulnerable participants.

After an adverse event, the ethical response is prompt patient safety action, honest disclosure within legal limits, documentation and incident reporting for system learning.

Occupational risk assessment is mandatory; control follows the hierarchy of elimination, engineering controls, administrative measures and personal protective equipment.

Standard precautions apply to every patient: hand hygiene, gloves, gowns, masks, eye protection, safe sharps handling, clean surfaces and correct waste segregation.

The WHO five moments require hand hygiene before patient contact, before clean/aseptic procedure, after body-fluid exposure, after patient contact and after touching surroundings.

Sharps must not be recapped; they go immediately into puncture-resistant containers, and needlestick injuries are washed, reported and assessed for HBV, HCV and HIV prophylaxis.

Healthcare workers should be vaccinated against Hepatitis B and other indicated diseases; post-exposure management includes source assessment, prophylaxis and follow-up.

Patient identification uses at least two identifiers before medicines, blood products and procedures; high-alert medicines require independent checks and medication reconciliation.

The surgical safety checklist uses sign-in before anaesthesia, time-out before incision and sign-out after surgery to confirm identity, site, procedure, allergies and counts.

Incident reporting and root cause analysis are nonpunitive learning tools that examine system failures; quality is monitored through indicators, audits, guidelines and accreditation.