Stručni ispit za zdravstvene radnike flashcards

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Zakon o zdravstvenoj zaštiti

Croatian framework law that defines health care activities, rights and duties of providers and patients, and the organisation of the health system at state, county and local levels.

HZZO

Croatian Health Insurance Fund, the statutory single payer that administers compulsory health insurance, contracts providers, maintains insured registers and decides benefit entitlements.

Ministry of Health

Central state authority responsible for health policy, drafting health legislation, health inspection, planning the public health network and overseeing national health institutions.

Primary health care

First-contact care provided through general/family medicine, paediatrics, gynaecology, dentistry, community nursing and pharmacy; it acts as gatekeeper through referrals.

Secondary health care

Specialist outpatient and hospital care delivered by polyclinics and general hospitals, usually after referral from primary care, excluding highly specialised tertiary services.

Tertiary health care

Highly specialised care provided by clinics, clinical hospital centres and national institutes for complex diagnostics, rare diseases, transplantation and advanced surgery.

Informed consent

Patient's voluntary authorization after receiving understandable information about diagnosis, proposed procedure, risks, benefits, alternatives and consequences of refusal; it may be withdrawn at any time.

Patient rights commissioner

Person appointed in a health institution to receive patient complaints, help protect rights and forward cases to county and national patient rights bodies.

Access to medical record

Patient's right to inspect and obtain a copy of their medical record, subject to confidentiality and legal limits; the provider must respond within the prescribed time.

Emergency treatment exception

Care may be given without consent when delay would threaten life or serious health and the patient cannot consent; document the situation and least restrictive action.

Right to refuse treatment

A capable patient may refuse examination, treatment or admission after being informed of consequences; refusal is documented and does not prevent emergency care.

Patient duties

Patients must give accurate health information, follow agreed treatment, respect staff and other patients, and meet financial obligations such as lawful co-payments.

Confidentiality duty

Healthcare workers must protect all patient information learned during care and share it only with authorized team members or under a legal exception.

Compulsory health insurance

Statutory HZZO coverage for residents and eligible family members, funded mainly by contributions and state transfers, providing a defined benefits package.

Co-payment (participacija)

The portion of the price of certain medicines, devices or services paid by the insured person, unless exempted by age, income, pregnancy, chronic disease or another legal category.

Supplementary health insurance

Voluntary HZZO policy that covers co-payments and some nonstandard costs; it does not replace compulsory insurance and has its own terms.

Referral (uputnica)

Document from a primary-care or specialist doctor authorizing access to most specialist or hospital services; emergency care does not require a referral.

HZZO benefits package

Set of services financed by compulsory insurance, including primary care, specialists, hospital care, maternity, medicines, rehabilitation, home care and palliative care.

Capitation payment

Payment method for primary-care teams based on the number and characteristics of enrolled patients rather than each visit; combined with quality and fee components.

Medical confidentiality

Duty not to disclose patient information without consent or legal basis; it continues after care ends and covers written, electronic and spoken information.

Mandatory reporting exception

Legal duty to disclose limited patient data to authorities for infectious diseases, child abuse, domestic violence, court orders or serious danger to third parties.

Professional accountability

Health workers may be held criminally, civilly, disciplinarily and administratively liable for unlawful or negligent practice; chambers conduct disciplinary proceedings.

Patient autonomy

Principle that a capable patient decides about their own care after adequate information, including the right to refuse even beneficial treatment.

Conflict of interest

Situation where personal, financial or institutional interests could improperly influence clinical decisions; it must be avoided or declared and managed transparently.

Ethics committee

Independent body reviewing research and difficult clinical ethical issues, checking informed consent, risk-benefit balance, confidentiality and protection of vulnerable persons.

Standard precautions

Infection-control measures applied to every patient: hand hygiene, gloves, gowns, masks, eye protection, safe sharps handling and environmental cleaning.

WHO five moments

Hand hygiene before touching a patient, before clean/aseptic procedure, after body-fluid exposure, after touching a patient and after touching surroundings.

Needlestick injury protocol

Immediately wash the wound, do not squeeze, report to occupational health, assess source and vaccination status, and start HIV/HBV prophylaxis when indicated.

Surgical safety checklist

Team checklist with sign-in before anaesthesia, time-out before incision and sign-out after surgery to confirm identity, site, procedure and counts.

Incident reporting

Nonpunitive reporting of adverse events and near misses so causes can be analysed and systems improved; it complements, not replaces, individual accountability.

Root cause analysis

Structured review after a serious event that examines system factors and latent failures, then recommends changes rather than blaming an individual.

Medical waste segregation

Separation of infectious, sharps, chemical and municipal waste at the point of generation into correct containers to prevent exposure and environmental harm.