Tuzla Canton Grade 9 Matura cheat sheet

Bosnian has seven cases: nominativ, genitiv, dativ, akuzativ, vokativ, instrumental, lokativ; case is governed by prepositions and verbs.

Vowels are a, e, i, o, u; consonants include č, ć, dž, đ, lj, nj, š, ž; each letter represents one sound (phonemic orthography).

Nouns have three genders and two numbers; masculine nouns ending in a consonant take -ovi/-evi in plural (grad → gradovi).

Verb aspects: imperfective (raditi) describes ongoing or repeated action; perfective (uraditi) describes completed action.

Sentence parts: subjekat (subject), predikat (predicate), objekat (object), atribut (attribute), adverbijalna odredba (adverbial).

Literary periods: srednji vijek, renesansa, barok, klasicizam, romantizam, realizam, moderna, savremena književnost.

Genres: lirika (poezija), epika (pripovijetka, roman, ep), drama (tragedija, komedija); each has distinct structural features.

Punctuation: zarez separates clauses and enumerations; tačka ends declarative sentences; upitnik and uzvičnik mark questions and exclamations.

Quadratic formula: x = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a solves ax² + bx + c = 0; discriminant D = b² - 4ac determines number of real roots.

Pythagorean theorem: in a right triangle, a² + b² = c², where c is the hypotenuse.

Area formulas: triangle A = ½bh; circle A = πr²; trapezoid A = ½(a + b)h; rectangle A = lw.

Volume formulas: cylinder V = πr²h; cone V = ⅓πr²h; sphere V = 4/3πr³; cuboid V = lwh.

Trigonometric ratios in right triangle: sin = opposite/hypotenuse; cos = adjacent/hypotenuse; tan = opposite/adjacent.

Arithmetic sequence: aₙ = a₁ + (n - 1)d; sum Sₙ = n/2 (2a₁ + (n - 1)d).

Geometric sequence: aₙ = a₁ · qⁿ⁻¹; sum Sₙ = a₁(qⁿ - 1)/(q - 1) for q ≠ 1.

Percentage: part = (percent/100) × whole; percent change = (new - old)/old × 100%.

English present perfect: have/has + past participle; used for past actions with present relevance or unspecified time.

English conditionals: first (if + present, will + infinitive), second (if + past, would + infinitive), third (if + past perfect, would have + participle).

German cases: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), dative (indirect object), genitive (possession).

German definite articles: der/die/das (nominative), den/die/das (accusative), dem/der/dem (dative).

German perfect tense: haben or sein + past participle; sein is used with verbs of motion and change of state.

English passive voice: be + past participle; the object of the active sentence becomes the subject.

German modal verbs: können, müssen, dürfen, sollen, wollen, mögen; the main verb goes to the end in infinitive.

English reported speech: shift tense back one step (present → past, past → past perfect) and adjust pronouns and time expressions.

Cell organelles: nucleus (control), mitochondria (energy), ribosomes (protein synthesis), chloroplasts (photosynthesis in plants).

Photosynthesis equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂; occurs in chloroplasts.

Cellular respiration equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy; occurs in mitochondria.

Periodic table groups: alkali metals (group 1), alkaline earth metals (group 2), halogens (group 17), noble gases (group 18).

Chemical reaction types: synthesis (A + B → AB), decomposition (AB → A + B), single replacement, double replacement, combustion.

Newton's laws: 1) inertia; 2) F = ma; 3) action-reaction forces are equal and opposite.

Ohm's law: V = IR; electric power P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

Work and energy: W = Fd cosθ; kinetic energy KE = ½mv²; potential energy PE = mgh.

Bosnia and Herzegovina: capital Sarajevo; entities are Federation of BiH and Republika Srpska; Brčko District has special status.

Dayton Peace Agreement signed 1995 ended the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and established the current constitutional structure.

Geography: BiH has a short Adriatic coastline at Neum; major rivers are Sava, Drina, Bosna, Neretva, Una, Vrbas.

Civic education: separation of powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches; rule of law and human rights protected by constitution.

History: Austro-Hungarian rule in BiH 1878–1918; assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo 1914 triggered World War I.

Geography: climate types in BiH are Mediterranean (Herzegovina), continental (central), and mountain climate (high elevations).

Civic education: rights and duties of citizens include voting, paying taxes, respecting laws, and protecting the environment.

History: Yugoslavia dissolved in the early 1990s; BiH declared independence in 1992, recognized internationally in 1992.

Computer components: CPU (processing), RAM (volatile memory), hard disk/SSD (non-volatile storage), motherboard (connects components).

Binary system uses base 2 (digits 0 and 1); decimal 10 equals binary 1010; each bit is a binary digit, 8 bits = 1 byte.

File operations: create, open, save, copy, move, rename, delete; extensions identify file type (.docx, .jpg, .mp3, .exe).

Internet basics: IP address identifies a device; DNS translates domain names to IP addresses; HTTP/HTTPS are web protocols.

Spreadsheet formulas start with =; relative references (A1) change when copied; absolute references ($A$1) do not.

Word processing: formatting includes font, size, bold, italic, underline, alignment, line spacing, and page layout.

Network types: LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network); router connects networks, switch connects devices within a LAN.

Safety and ethics: use strong passwords, avoid sharing personal data, respect copyright, and back up important files.