Tuzla Canton Grade 9 Matura flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Bosnian cases

Bosnian has seven cases: nominativ, genitiv, dativ, akuzativ, vokativ, instrumental, lokativ. Each case has specific endings and is used according to grammatical function or preposition.

Verb aspect

In Bosnian, imperfective verbs describe ongoing or repeated actions (raditi), while perfective verbs describe completed actions (uraditi). Aspect pairs are common.

Literary genres

Literature is divided into lirika (poetry expressing feelings), epika (narrative works like novels and stories), and drama (works for performance, including tragedy and comedy).

Quadratic formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0, the solutions are x = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a. The discriminant D = b² - 4ac indicates the number of real roots.

Pythagorean theorem

In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides: a² + b² = c².

Arithmetic sequence

A sequence where each term increases by a constant difference d. The nth term is aₙ = a₁ + (n - 1)d, and the sum is Sₙ = n/2 (2a₁ + (n - 1)d).

Geometric sequence

A sequence where each term is multiplied by a constant ratio q. The nth term is aₙ = a₁ · qⁿ⁻¹; the sum for q ≠ 1 is Sₙ = a₁(qⁿ - 1)/(q - 1).

Circle area and circumference

The area of a circle is A = πr² and the circumference is C = 2πr, where r is the radius and π is approximately 3.14.

Present perfect tense

In English, the present perfect is formed with have/has + past participle. It describes past actions with present relevance or actions at an unspecified time.

English conditionals

First conditional: if + present, will + infinitive (real future). Second: if + past, would + infinitive (unreal present). Third: if + past perfect, would have + participle (unreal past).

German definite articles

German definite articles change by case: nominative der/die/das; accusative den/die/das; dative dem/der/dem; genitive des/der/des.

German perfect tense

The German perfect tense uses haben or sein plus the past participle. Sein is used with verbs of motion or change of state (gehen, kommen, werden).

English passive voice

The passive voice is formed with be + past participle. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject, and the agent may be omitted.

Cell organelles

Key organelles include the nucleus (controls activities), mitochondria (energy production), ribosomes (protein synthesis), and chloroplasts (photosynthesis in plant cells).

Photosynthesis equation

Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light energy: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. It occurs in chloroplasts.

Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration releases energy from glucose: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy. It takes place mainly in mitochondria.

Periodic table groups

Groups include alkali metals (group 1), alkaline earth metals (group 2), halogens (group 17), and noble gases (group 18). Elements in a group share similar properties.

Newton's second law

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to its mass: F = ma, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration.

Ohm's law

Ohm's law states that current through a conductor is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance: V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.

Kinetic and potential energy

Kinetic energy is energy of motion: KE = ½mv². Gravitational potential energy is stored energy due to height: PE = mgh, where g is gravitational acceleration.

Dayton Peace Agreement

Signed in 1995, the Dayton Agreement ended the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and established the country's current constitutional structure with two entities and Brčko District.

Entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. The Brčko District has a special self-governing status.

Rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Major rivers include the Sava, Drina, Bosna, Neretva, Una, and Vrbas. The Sava forms the northern border, and the Neretva flows toward the Adriatic Sea.

Separation of powers

Democratic states divide government into legislative (makes laws), executive (implements laws), and judicial (interprets laws) branches to prevent concentration of power.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This event triggered the outbreak of World War I.

Computer hardware components

Key hardware includes the CPU (processing), RAM (temporary memory), hard disk or SSD (permanent storage), and motherboard (connects all components).

Binary number system

The binary system uses base 2 with digits 0 and 1. Each digit is a bit; 8 bits make one byte. For example, decimal 10 is binary 1010.

File extensions

File extensions indicate file type: .docx for documents, .jpg for images, .mp3 for audio, .exe for programs. They help the operating system open files correctly.

IP address and DNS

An IP address uniquely identifies a device on a network. DNS (Domain Name System) translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses for routing.

Spreadsheet cell references

Relative references (A1) change when copied to another cell. Absolute references ($A$1) remain fixed. Mixed references lock either the column or the row.

Network types

A LAN (local area network) connects devices within a small area like a school. A WAN (wide area network) covers a large geographical area, such as the Internet.

Online safety and ethics

Use strong passwords, avoid sharing personal information, respect copyright, and back up important files. Ethical behavior online includes not spreading malware or harassing others.