Tuzla Canton Grade 9 Matura key terms

One of the three broad categories of literature: lyric (lirika), epic (epika) and drama. Each is defined by the way it presents experience: through feeling and subjectivity, through narration, or through performed action.

A short poem expressing the speaker's feelings, mood or reflection rather than telling a story. It is usually rhythmic and often uses imagery and sound devices to create an emotional effect on the reader.

The voice that tells a narrative text. The narrator may stand outside the events (third person) or take part in them (first person), and may know everything about the characters or only what an observer would see.

A character in a literary work, built through description, speech, actions and the reactions of others. Characters may be flat (simple, unchanging) or round (complex, developing through the story).

The central idea or subject that a literary work explores, such as love, justice, exile or growing up. Theme is different from the plot, which is the sequence of events through which the idea is shown.

A recurring element, image or situation in a literary work that supports its theme. A motif may repeat in one text or across several texts and often carries symbolic meaning for the reader.

A deliberate pattern of language used for expressive effect, such as metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole or alliteration. Figures of speech make descriptions vivid and shape the tone of the text.

A figure of speech in which one thing is described as if it were another, without using words such as 'like' or 'as'. For example, calling eyes 'two dark lakes' transfers qualities from water to eyes.

A figure of speech that compares two different things using an explicit linking word such as 'like', 'as' or 'kао'. Unlike metaphor, the comparison is openly stated, which makes the image easier to recognize.

The sequence of events in a play, developed through dialogue, monologue and stage directions. It usually follows a structure of exposition, conflict, climax and resolution, and is performed rather than narrated.

Conversation between two or more characters in a literary work, especially in drama. Dialogue reveals character, advances the plot and carries conflict, and in plays it replaces the narrator's voice.

The set of rules for correct spelling and punctuation in a language, covering capitalization, writing words together or separately, and the use of punctuation marks. In Bosnian it also governs the writing of č, ć, dž, đ and ije/je.

A grammatical category that shows the role of a noun or pronoun in a sentence through its ending. Bosnian has seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental and locative.

A verb form that places an action in time, such as present, past, future or a completed past action. In Bosnian the main tenses include prezent, perfekat, futur, aorist and imperfekat, each with its own endings.

A number that can be written as a fraction of two integers, with a non-zero denominator. Rational numbers include whole numbers, decimals that terminate, and decimals that repeat a pattern forever.

A real number that cannot be written as a fraction of two integers. Its decimal form never ends and never repeats, as with the square root of two or the number pi.

A number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number. For example, 7 is the square root of 49 because 7 times 7 equals 49; negative numbers have no real square root.

In a right triangle, the square of the longest side (hypotenuse) equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides. It is used to find an unknown side length or to test whether a triangle is right-angled.

Triangles whose corresponding angles are equal and whose corresponding sides are in the same ratio. Similarity allows lengths to be found by proportion when direct measurement is impossible.

An equation stating that two ratios are equal, such as a/b equals c/d. In proportion problems, the product of the outer terms equals the product of the inner terms, which lets an unknown value be calculated.

An equation in which the unknown appears only to the first power, so its graph is a straight line. Solving it means isolating the unknown by applying the same operation to both sides.

A rule that assigns exactly one output value to each allowed input value. Functions are described by formulas, tables or graphs, and the set of allowed inputs is called the domain.

A way of expressing a number as a part of one hundred, written with the percent sign. Percentages are used to compare quantities, calculate discounts, interest and increases or decreases of a value.

An English verb tense formed with 'have' or 'has' plus the past participle. It links a past action to the present, and is used with time expressions such as 'since', 'for', 'already' and 'yet'.

An English tense describing a completed action at a definite time in the past, often with expressions like 'yesterday' or 'last year'. Regular verbs add -ed; irregular verbs change form, as in 'go' to 'went'.

A verb whose past forms do not follow the regular -ed pattern. English examples include 'write, wrote, written'; German strong verbs change their stem vowel, as in 'singen, sang, gesungen'.

A way of telling what someone said without quoting their exact words. It usually requires a tense shift back, changes of pronouns, and adjustment of time and place words such as 'today' and 'here'.

A sentence structure expressing a condition and its result, for example 'If it rains, we will stay home'. English has first, second and third conditionals, each pairing a different tense with a different degree of possibility.

A helping verb such as 'can', 'must', 'should' or 'may' that expresses ability, obligation, permission or possibility. Modal verbs do not take -s in the third person and are followed by the base form.

The process by which green plants, algae and some bacteria use light energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose, releasing oxygen. It takes place mainly in chloroplasts and is the basis of most food chains.

The green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. It absorbs mainly red and blue light and reflects green, which is why most leaves appear green to us.

The set of reactions in cells that release energy from glucose, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide and water. This energy is stored in ATP and used for growth, movement and other life processes.

A specialized structure inside a cell that performs a particular job, such as the nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosome or chloroplast. Each organelle has a membrane or location suited to its function.

A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living organism without being used up. Each enzyme works best at a certain temperature and pH, and is specific to particular molecules.

A process in which substances change into new substances with different properties. Signs include colour change, gas release, heat or light, and the total mass of atoms is conserved.

A scale from 0 to 14 measuring how acidic or alkaline a solution is. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is alkaline; each whole step means a tenfold change in acidity.

For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force, acting on a different body. This explains how rockets move and why a swimmer pushes water backwards to move forwards.

A push or pull that can change an object's speed, direction or shape. Force is measured in newtons, and the net force on an object determines its acceleration according to Newton's second law.

A closed path through which electric current can flow, containing a source, conductors and a device such as a lamp. If the path is broken, current stops flowing and the device does not work.

A political idea that a people sharing language, culture or history should form a nation and govern itself. In the Balkans in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries it drove both liberation movements and violent conflict.

The killing of the Austrian heir to the throne in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip. It triggered the July Crisis and is widely taken as the immediate cause of the First World War.

The period of political and military tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their allies, roughly 1947 to 1991. It was marked by an arms race, alliances and proxy conflicts rather than direct war between the two superpowers.

An international organization founded in 1945 to maintain peace and security and to promote cooperation. Its main bodies include the General Assembly, the Security Council and the International Court of Justice.

Basic freedoms and protections that belong to every person regardless of nationality, sex or religion, such as life, liberty and freedom of expression. They are set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.

The principle that everyone, including the government itself, is subject to the law, and that laws are applied equally and predictably. It protects citizens from arbitrary power and is a core value of democratic societies.

The division of state authority into legislative, executive and judicial branches, each with its own functions and checks on the others. This arrangement prevents any single body from holding all power.

A pair of numbers, latitude and longitude, that fixes a point's position on the Earth's surface. Latitude measures distance north or south of the equator; longitude measures distance east or west of the prime meridian.

The ratio between a distance on a map and the real distance on the ground. A scale of 1:50,000 means one centimetre on the map represents 50,000 centimetres, or half a kilometre, in reality.

A broad belt of the Earth with a characteristic pattern of temperature and rainfall, determined mainly by latitude. Examples include the tropical, subtropical, temperate and polar zones, each supporting different vegetation.

A finite, ordered set of clear steps that solves a problem or completes a task. An algorithm must be unambiguous and must terminate, and it can be expressed as a flowchart, pseudocode or a program.

A diagram that shows the steps of an algorithm using standard symbols: ovals for start and end, parallelograms for input and output, rectangles for processes and diamonds for decisions.

A programming structure that repeats a block of instructions while a condition holds or for a set number of times. Loops avoid writing the same code many times and are essential for processing lists of data.

A programming instruction that runs a block of code only if a stated condition is true, often with an alternative block for when it is false. It gives programs the ability to make decisions.

An expression entered in a spreadsheet cell that calculates a value from other cells, always beginning with an equals sign. Formulas may use operators and functions such as SUM, AVERAGE or IF.

Two or more computers connected so they can exchange data and share resources. Networks may be local (LAN) or wide (WAN), and they rely on protocols such as TCP/IP to deliver information reliably.

A set of rules that governs how data is addressed, sent and received across the internet. The best-known pair, TCP/IP, breaks data into packets and reassembles them at the destination.

Measures that protect digital information from loss, theft or unauthorized access. Common practices include strong passwords, encryption, regular backups and keeping software updated against known threats.