DU Kha Unit Admission Test cheat sheet
DU Kha Unit Admission Test · Keep the key ideas within reach.
বাংলা
বাংলা বর্ণমালায় স্বরবর্ণ ১১টি, ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ ৩৯টি, মোট ৫০টি বর্ণ।
স্বরবর্ণের সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপকে কার ও ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণের সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপকে ফলা বলে।
ধ্বনির উচ্চারণ স্থান অনুযায়ী কণ্ঠ্য, তালব্য, মূর্ধন্য, দন্ত্য, ওষ্ঠ্য-এই পাঁচ শ্রেণি।
বাংলা শব্দের প্রথমে 'ণ' ও 'ষ' বসে না; তৎসম শব্দে নিয়ম প্রযোজ্য।
সন্ধি প্রধানত তিন প্রকার: স্বরসন্ধি, ব্যঞ্জনসন্ধি ও বিসর্গসন্ধি।
সমাসের প্রকার: দ্বন্দ্ব, কর্মধারয়, তৎপুরুষ, বহুব্রীহি, দ্বিগু ও অব্যয়ীভাব-মোট ছয়টি।
বাক্যের কর্তা ও কর্মের সঙ্গে ক্রিয়ার সম্পর্ককে অন্বয় বলে; বাংলায় সাধারণত কর্তা-কর্ম-ক্রিয়া ক্রম।
বাংলা ভাষার আদি নিদর্শন চর্যাপদ (আনুমানিক ৯৫০-১২০০ খ্রিষ্টাব্দ), আবিষ্কৃত হয় ১৯০৭ সালে হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রীর সম্পাদনায়।
English
Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; 'each, every, either, neither' are singular.
Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds; 'the' for definite/specific nouns.
Prepositions of time: 'in' for months/years, 'on' for days/dates, 'at' for exact times.
Tenses: present perfect = have/has + past participle, used for past actions with present relevance.
Conditional: Type 1 (if + present, will + verb), Type 2 (if + past, would + verb), Type 3 (if + had + past participle, would have + past participle).
Passive voice: object becomes subject; verb = be + past participle; agent introduced by 'by'.
Reported speech: shift tense back one step; change pronouns and time/place words (now→then, here→there).
Common idioms: 'a blessing in disguise' = apparent misfortune that turns out good; 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely.
Business Mathematics and Statistics
Simple interest: I = P × r × t; Compound amount: A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt).
Percentage change = (new − old) / old × 100%.
Profit/loss percentage is calculated on cost price unless stated otherwise.
Arithmetic mean = Σx / n; for grouped data, mean = Σfx / Σf.
Median for ungrouped data: middle value after sorting; for grouped data: L + [(n/2 − cf)/f] × h.
Mode = most frequent value; for grouped data: L + [(f1 − f0)/(2f1 − f0 − f2)] × h.
Standard deviation = √[Σ(x − x̄)² / n] for population; sample uses n−1.
Permutation nPr = n!/(n−r)!; Combination nCr = n!/[r!(n−r)!].
Accounting
Accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity.
Double-entry rule: every transaction affects at least two accounts; debits must equal credits.
Debit increases assets and expenses; credit increases liabilities, equity, and revenue.
Trial balance checks arithmetical accuracy; it does not detect all errors (e.g., compensating errors).
Accrual basis: record revenue when earned and expenses when incurred, regardless of cash flow.
Depreciation methods: straight-line = (Cost − Salvage)/Useful life; declining balance = book value × rate.
Bank reconciliation: adjusted bank balance = adjusted book balance; outstanding checks and deposits in transit cause timing differences.
Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities; quick ratio = (Current assets − Inventory) / Current liabilities.
Business Organization and Management
Four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, controlling (POLC).
Span of control = number of subordinates directly reporting to a manager.
Chain of command: unbroken line of authority from top to bottom.
Maslow's hierarchy: physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization (bottom to top).
SWOT analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses (internal); Opportunities, Threats (external).
Sole proprietorship: unlimited liability, single owner; partnership: shared liability; corporation: limited liability.
Division of labor increases efficiency through specialization (Adam Smith).
Management by Objectives (MBO): goals set jointly by manager and subordinate, performance measured against them.
Finance
Time value of money: PV = FV / (1 + r)^n.
Net Present Value (NPV) = Σ [CFt / (1 + r)^t] − Initial investment; accept if NPV > 0.
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is the discount rate that makes NPV = 0.
Payback period = time to recover initial investment from cash inflows.
Cost of equity (CAPM): Ke = Rf + β(Rm − Rf).
WACC = (E/V) × Ke + (D/V) × Kd × (1 − tax rate).
Leverage: operating leverage from fixed costs; financial leverage from debt; combined leverage = DOL × DFL.
Dividend policy: residual theory, stable dividend, constant payout ratio are common approaches.
Banking and Insurance
Central bank functions: currency issue, monetary policy, lender of last resort, regulation of banks.
Commercial bank primary functions: accepting deposits, lending; secondary: agency and general utility services.
CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio) and SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) are monetary tools to control money supply.
Types of deposits: current (no interest), savings (interest-bearing, limited withdrawals), fixed/time (higher interest, maturity).
Insurance principle of indemnity: insured cannot profit from loss; compensation limited to actual loss.
Utmost good faith (uberrimae fidei): both parties must disclose all material facts.
Life insurance: insurable interest presumed; general insurance: insurable interest required at time of loss.
Premium = risk-based amount; underwriting assesses risk to set premium and terms.
Marketing
Marketing mix (4Ps): Product, Price, Place, Promotion.
Product life cycle stages: introduction, growth, maturity, decline.
Market segmentation bases: demographic, geographic, psychographic, behavioral.
Pricing strategies: penetration (low initial price), skimming (high initial price), cost-plus, value-based.
Distribution channels: direct (zero-level), one-level (retailer), two-level (wholesaler-retailer).
Promotion mix: advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, public relations, direct marketing.
Brand equity: value added by brand name; measured by awareness, loyalty, perceived quality, associations.
Marketing concept: customer needs first, then profit through satisfaction; contrasts with production and selling concepts.