BD Police Sergeant Written cheat sheet

বাংলা বর্ণমালায় স্বরবর্ণ ১১টি (অ, আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ, ঋ, এ, ঐ, ও, ঔ) এবং ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ ৩৯টি; মোট ৫০টি বর্ণ।

স্বরবর্ণের সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপকে কার বলে; যেমন আ-কারা, ই-কারি, উ-কারু, ঋ-কারৃ।

বাংলা ভাষার প্রধান দুটি রূপ: চলিত (সাধারণ কথ্য) ও সাধু (লিখিত, তৎসমবহুল); সাধু রূপে ক্রিয়াপদ '-ইল' (করিল), চলিত রূপে '-ল' (করল)।

বাংলা শব্দভাণ্ডার উৎস অনুসারে: তৎসম (সংস্কৃত), তদ্ভব (প্রাকৃত), অর্ধতৎসম, দেশি, বিদেশি (আরবি, ফারসি, ইংরেজি, পর্তুগিজ)।

বাংলা সাহিত্যের আদি নিদর্শন: চর্যাপদ (আনুমানিক ৯৫০-১২০০ খ্রিষ্টাব্দ), রচয়িতা সিদ্ধাচার্যগণ; আবিষ্কৃত হয় ১৯০৭ সালে হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রীর সম্পাদনায়।

মধ্যযুগের প্রধান কাব্য: শ্রীকৃষ্ণকীর্তন (বড়ু চণ্ডীদাস), মঙ্গলকাব্য (মনসামঙ্গল, চণ্ডীমঙ্গল, অন্নদামঙ্গল), বৈষ্ণব পদাবলি, রামায়ণ-মহাভারতের অনুবাদ।

আধুনিক বাংলা সাহিত্যের পথিকৃৎ: মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্ত (অমিত্রাক্ষর ছন্দের প্রবর্তক, 'মেঘনাদবধ কাব্য'), বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায় (প্রথম বাংলা উপন্যাস 'দুর্গেশনন্দিনী'), রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর (গীতাঞ্জলি, নোবেল ১৯১৩)।

ছন্দ: অক্ষরবৃত্ত (মাত্রা ৪+৪+৪), মাত্রাবৃত্ত (মাত্রা ৪+৪+৪), স্বরবৃত্ত (মাত্রা ৪+৪+৪); পর্ব ও মাত্রার হিসাব মনে রাখতে হবে।

Parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; identify by function in sentence, not by form alone.

Tense sequence: present indefinite (V1/Vs), present continuous (am/is/are + V-ing), present perfect (have/has + V3), past indefinite (V2), past perfect (had + V3), future (will + V1).

Voice: active → passive moves object to subject, verb to be + past participle, subject to by-phrase; e.g., 'He writes a letter' → 'A letter is written by him.'

Narration change: direct → indirect shifts pronoun (first person to subject, second to object, third unchanged), tense backshift (present → past, past → past perfect), and time/place words (now → then, here → there, today → that day).

Conditional sentences: Type 1 (If + present, will + V1), Type 2 (If + past, would + V1), Type 3 (If + past perfect, would have + V3).

Common literary terms: simile (like/as comparison), metaphor (implied comparison), personification (human traits to non-human), alliteration (initial consonant repetition), onomatopoeia (sound imitation).

Major English writers: William Shakespeare (1564–1616; tragedies, comedies, sonnets), John Milton ('Paradise Lost'), Charles Dickens ('Oliver Twist'), George Orwell ('Animal Farm', '1984').

Subject-verb agreement rules: singular subject takes singular verb; 'each/every/either/neither' + singular; 'none' may take singular or plural depending on sense; collective noun usually singular when acting as unit.

Average = sum of terms ÷ number of terms; if a value x replaces y in n terms, new average changes by (x − y)/n.

Percentage: part = (percent ÷ 100) × whole; successive percentage change a% then b% gives net change a + b + (ab/100) percent.

Profit/loss: profit% = (profit ÷ cost price) × 100; selling price = cost price × (100 + profit%) ÷ 100.

Simple interest = (principal × rate × time) ÷ 100; compound amount = principal × (1 + r/100)^t.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; divide a quantity Q in ratio a:b as Qa/(a+b) and Qb/(a+b).

Time-speed-distance: distance = speed × time; average speed for equal distances = 2xy/(x+y); for equal times = (x+y)/2.

Work: if A completes work in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x+y) days; rate = 1/x + 1/y per day.

Number series and coding: check differences, ratios, squares/cubes, alternating patterns; letter coding uses A=1, B=2, ..., Z=26 and reverse (A=26).

United Nations founded 24 October 1945; headquarters New York; current membership 193 states; principal organs include General Assembly, Security Council, ICJ, Secretariat.

Bangladesh joined the United Nations in 1974; became a member of the Commonwealth in 1972; SAARC founded 8 December 1985 in Dhaka.

Nobel Prizes: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace (established by Alfred Nobel's 1895 will); Economic Sciences added 1968 by Sveriges Riksbank.

Major world organizations: WHO (Geneva, 1948), IMF (Washington DC, 1945), World Bank (Washington DC, 1944), WTO (Geneva, 1995), ILO (Geneva, 1919).

Bangladesh's national symbols: national flag (green with red circle), national anthem 'Amar Shonar Bangla' by Rabindranath Tagore, national animal Royal Bengal Tiger, national bird Oriental Magpie-Robin (doyel), national flower water lily (shapla).

Climate conferences: COP21 Paris Agreement 2015 (limit warming well below 2°C, pursue 1.5°C); Bangladesh is a member of Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF).

Current affairs anchors: Bangladesh's Padma Bridge inaugurated 25 June 2022; metro rail in Dhaka began commercial service 29 December 2022; Bangabandhu Satellite-1 launched 11 May 2018.

International days: International Women's Day 8 March; World Environment Day 5 June; International Day of Peace 21 September; Human Rights Day 10 December.

Bangladesh lies between 20°34′ and 26°38′ north latitude and 88°01′ and 92°41′ east longitude; area about 147,570 sq km; bordered by India (west, north, east), Myanmar (southeast), Bay of Bengal (south).

Administrative structure: 8 divisions (Dhaka, Chattogram, Rajshahi, Khulna, Barishal, Sylhet, Rangpur, Mymensingh), 64 districts, 495 upazilas (approx.).

Population (2022 census): about 169.8 million; density about 1,119 per sq km; literacy rate (7+ years) about 74.7%.

Economy: garment industry is the largest export earner; remittance is a major foreign-exchange source; currency Taka (BDT); central bank Bangladesh Bank established 1971.

Rivers: Padma (main channel of Ganges in Bangladesh), Meghna, Jamuna (main channel of Brahmaputra), Karnaphuli (Chattogram), Surma (Sylhet).

Sundarbans: world's largest mangrove forest, about 6,017 sq km in Bangladesh, UNESCO World Heritage Site (1997); home of the Royal Bengal Tiger.

Cox's Bazar has one of the world's longest natural sandy sea beaches (about 120 km); Saint Martin's Island is the only coral island of Bangladesh.

National education and culture: Bangla is the state language; 21 February is International Mother Language Day (UNESCO 1999); Pohela Boishakh (14 April) is the Bangla New Year.

Language Movement: 21 February 1952, police firing in Dhaka killed Salam, Rafiq, Barkat, Jabbar, and others; UNESCO declared 21 February International Mother Language Day in 1999.

Political milestones: 1948 language declaration by Jinnah; 1952 Language Movement; 1954 United Front election; 1966 Six-Point Movement; 1969 Mass Uprising; 1970 general election gave Awami League a majority.

7 March 1971: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's historic speech at Racecourse (now Suhrawardy Udyan) calling for independence struggle.

Operation Searchlight launched by Pakistan Army on the night of 25 March 1971; Bangabandhu declared independence in the early hours of 26 March 1971; Mujibnagar Government formed 17 April 1971.

Mujibnagar Government: President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (absent), Vice-President Syed Nazrul Islam (acting President), Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmad; the cabinet took oath on 17 April 1971 at Baidyanathtala (Mujibnagar).

Sector commanders (selected): Sector 1 – Major Ziaur Rahman (later), Sector 2 – Captain A. K. Khandaker, Sector 3 – Major K. M. Shafiullah, Sector 10 – closed (naval), Sector 11 – Major Abu Taher.

Victory: Pakistani forces surrendered on 16 December 1971 at the Racecourse Ground, Dhaka; instrument of surrender signed by Lt Gen A. A. K. Niazi and witnessed by Lt Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora; Bangladesh observes 16 December as Victory Day.

Consequences: about 3 million martyrs, about 200,000–400,000 women violated, about 10 million refugees in India; Bangladesh gained UN membership in 1974.

Earth's structure: crust, mantle, outer core, inner core; plate tectonics explains earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.

Atmosphere layers: troposphere (weather), stratosphere (ozone layer), mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere; temperature decreases with altitude in troposphere.

Climate of Bangladesh: tropical monsoon; four seasons (winter, summer, monsoon, autumn); average rainfall 1,500–3,000 mm; monsoon winds from southwest bring rain June–October.

Cyclones: Bay of Bengal cyclones usually form in pre-monsoon (April–May) and post-monsoon (October–November); Bangladesh has cyclone warning signals 1–10 (higher number = greater danger).

Floods: Bangladesh faces river floods (Padma, Jamuna, Meghna), flash floods (haor areas), tidal floods (coastal), and urban waterlogging; Feni, Sylhet, Sunamganj are flash-flood prone.

Disaster management framework: Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief; Standing Orders on Disaster (SOD); Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP) uses volunteers to warn and evacuate.

Environmental issues: air and water pollution, salinity intrusion, river erosion, deforestation, and climate change impacts (sea-level rise, loss of Sundarbans).

Key conventions: Ramsar Convention (wetlands, 1971), UNFCCC (1992), Kyoto Protocol (1997), Paris Agreement (2015), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030).

The Constitution of Bangladesh was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 4 November 1972 and came into effect on 16 December 1972; it has a preamble and 11 parts with 153 articles (as originally adopted).

Four fundamental principles of state policy (Article 8): nationalism, socialism, democracy, and secularism.

Fundamental rights (Part III, Articles 26–47A): equality before law (27), no discrimination (28), protection of life and personal liberty (32), safeguards on arrest and detention (33), protection of property (42), enforcement of fundamental rights by High Court Division (44).

Writ jurisdiction: Article 102 empowers the High Court Division to issue habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, and quo warranto.

Citizenship: Articles 6–10; single citizenship; Parliament may regulate citizenship by law (Article 10).

Legislature: Parliament (Jatiya Sangsad) has 350 members - 300 directly elected and 50 reserved seats for women (Article 65); members serve 5-year terms.

Judiciary: Supreme Court of Bangladesh has Appellate Division and High Court Division (Article 94); lower courts include district and sessions courts, magistrates, and tribunals.

Legal maxims: 'nullum crimen sine lege' (no crime without law), 'audi alteram partem' (hear the other side), 'ignorantia juris non excusat' (ignorance of law is no excuse), 'actus reus' (guilty act) and 'mens rea' (guilty mind).

Bangladesh Police functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs; the Police Act 1861 remains the foundational statute; the Police Regulations (PR) Bengal 1943 and Police Order 1976 govern internal administration.

Rank hierarchy (ascending): constable, lance naik, naik, havildar, sub-inspector (SI), inspector, assistant superintendent of police (ASP), superintendent of police (SP), additional DIG, deputy inspector general (DIG), inspector general of police (IGP).

Thana (police station) is the basic unit of policing; an officer-in-charge (OC) heads a thana; the district police is headed by an SP.

Discipline: major punishments include dismissal, removal, compulsory retirement, reduction in rank, withholding of increment; minor punishments include censure, withholding of promotion, fine.

Service rules: the Government Servants (Discipline and Appeal) Rules 1985 govern departmental proceedings; natural justice requires notice, opportunity to reply, and reasoned order.

Leave rules: casual leave (usually 10 days per calendar year), earned leave (accrues at a defined rate), medical leave, and special leave; leave is a privilege, not a right, and can be refused on public-interest grounds.

Police welfare: Police Welfare Trust, benevolent fund, group insurance, and housing; the Police Headquarters coordinates welfare measures.

Community policing: beat policing and community policing forums aim to build trust, gather intelligence, and prevent crime at the local level.

Penal Code 1860 defines offences and punishments; the Code of Criminal Procedure 1898 (CrPC) lays down investigation, inquiry, and trial procedure; the Evidence Act 1872 governs proof.

Cognizable offence: police may investigate without a magistrate's order and may arrest without warrant; non-cognizable offence requires magistrate's order for investigation.

FIR (First Information Report): under Section 154 CrPC, recorded by police on information about a cognizable offence; a copy is sent to the magistrate; delay should be explained.

Investigation powers: Section 156 CrPC (investigation by police), Section 161 (examination of witnesses), Section 162 (statements not to be signed and not admissible except for contradiction), Section 165 (search).

Arrest and bail: Sections 41–60 CrPC deal with arrest; Sections 496–498 provide for bail; Section 54 requires medical examination of an arrested person; Article 33 of the Constitution safeguards arrest and detention.

Evidence Act: Section 3 defines 'evidence' (oral and documentary); Section 25 confessions to police are not admissible; Section 27 allows so much of information leading to discovery as is distinctly proved.

Burden of proof: Section 101 Evidence Act - the person who asserts a fact must prove it; in criminal cases, the prosecution must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.

Juvenile justice: the Children Act 2013 sets the age of criminal responsibility at 9 years and provides for child-friendly procedures and juvenile courts.

Computer basics: hardware (CPU, memory, input/output devices) and software (system and application); RAM is volatile, ROM is non-volatile; 1 byte = 8 bits.

Networking: LAN (local), WAN (wide), IP address identifies a device, DNS translates domain names to IP addresses, HTTP/HTTPS are web protocols (HTTPS is encrypted).

Cyber threats: phishing (fraudulent emails), malware (viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware), social engineering, identity theft, and denial-of-service attacks.

Password hygiene: use long unique passwords, enable two-factor authentication, avoid reusing passwords, and never share OTPs or PINs.

Digital evidence: preservation of logs, hashes, and chain of custody; Section 57 of the Evidence Act (as amended) and the Cyber Security Act 2023 govern electronic records and cyber offences.

Cyber Security Act 2023 (Bangladesh): repeals the Digital Security Act 2018; covers offences such as unauthorized access, identity theft, and publishing offensive content; provides for investigation by a designated agency.

Data protection: personal data should be collected for lawful purposes, kept secure, and used only for the stated purpose; citizens should be aware of their digital footprint.

Safe browsing: check URLs, avoid clicking unknown links, use updated antivirus and firewalls, and report cyber incidents to the police cyber support unit or the national helpline.