Bulgaria DZI French key terms

Reading skill tested through short authentic texts followed by questions on main idea, detail, and inference. Candidates must locate specific information quickly and distinguish stated facts from implied meaning.

The central point a text conveys, often stated in a topic sentence or inferred from the whole passage. Questions on this ask for the best summary rather than a supporting detail.

A conclusion drawn from clues in the text rather than from an explicit statement. Readers combine details with background knowledge to work out what the author implies.

A real-life document such as an advertisement, menu, notice, email, or article, not written for learners. Exam tasks use these to test practical reading in everyday situations.

A word or phrase in a question or text that carries the essential information needed to find an answer. Scanning for keywords speeds up locating relevant passages.

Scanning a text for specific items such as names, dates, or figures without reading every word. It is a fast strategy for answering detail questions under time pressure.

Listening skill tested with recordings of dialogues, announcements, or interviews. Candidates answer questions on gist, specific details, and speaker intention after hearing the audio, usually twice.

A short spoken or written public message, such as a station announcement or event notice. Listeners must catch practical details like time, place, and platform number.

The purpose behind what a speaker says, for example to complain, persuade, warn, or invite. Recognizing intention helps answer questions about tone and implied meaning.

Writing brief keywords and symbols while listening to capture essential information. Good notes record numbers, names, and key verbs without full sentences.

A conversation between two or more speakers, common in listening tasks. Candidates track who says what and identify the relationship between the speakers.

The level of formality in speech or writing, ranging from familiar to formal. Choosing the right register matters in letters, emails, and spoken exchanges with strangers.

Addressing someone with the formal pronoun 'vous' and matching verb forms. It is required with strangers, superiors, and in professional or official contexts.

Addressing someone with the informal pronoun 'tu' and matching verb forms. It is used with friends, family, and peers, but can seem rude with strangers.

The rule that a past participle agrees in gender and number with certain elements. With 'avoir' it agrees with a preceding direct object; with 'être' it agrees with the subject.

A compound past tense formed with an auxiliary verb plus a past participle. It describes completed actions and is the main tense for past events in speech and letters.

A past tense expressing ongoing situations, habits, or background description. It contrasts with the passé composé, which presents single completed events.

A helping verb, 'avoir' or 'être', used to build compound tenses. The choice of auxiliary affects meaning and triggers participle agreement rules.

A verb mood expressing doubt, wish, necessity, or emotion, usually after 'que'. It appears after expressions like 'il faut que' and certain conjunctions such as 'bien que'.

The category of a verb reflecting the speaker's attitude: indicative for facts, subjunctive for doubt or wish, conditional for hypothesis, imperative for commands. Choosing correctly is a core grammar skill.

A verb form used for polite requests, hypotheses, and reported future. In 'si' clauses it pairs with the imperfect to express unreal situations.

A conditional statement built with 'si' plus a tense pattern, such as 'si + présent, futur'. It expresses possible or unreal conditions and their results.

A linking word joining clauses or phrases, such as 'mais', 'parce que', or 'bien que'. Some conjunctions require the subjunctive, so recognizing them guides correct verb choice.

A word or phrase showing relationships between ideas, such as cause, contrast, or consequence: 'donc', 'pourtant', 'en revanche'. They organize written production and aid reading comprehension.

The logical linking of ideas in a text so the message flows clearly. It relies on connectors, consistent tenses, and clear paragraph structure.

A conventional opening or closing phrase in letters and emails, such as 'Cordialement' or 'Je vous prie d'agréer mes salutations distinguées'. Choosing the right formula depends on the relationship and register.

A structured written message to an institution, employer, or official, following conventions of layout, register, and politeness. It typically states the purpose, gives details, and closes formally.

An email, often short and practical, with a subject line, greeting, body, and sign-off. Exam tasks may require writing one to request information, complain, or reply.

An outline organizing ideas before writing, with introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. A clear plan ensures the production addresses every point in the task instructions.

The instructions for a writing task, specifying the topic, audience, length, and required points. Careful reading of the consigne prevents off-topic answers and missing elements.

The writing section of the exam, requiring candidates to compose guided or free texts such as messages, letters, or short essays. It is assessed on content, organization, grammar, and vocabulary.

Rendering a text from one language into another while preserving meaning, tone, and register. Accuracy of terminology and natural target-language phrasing are both assessed.

Conveying information from a source text to a new audience, often by summarizing, reformulating, or translating for a specific purpose. It tests comprehension plus the ability to adapt the message.

Expressing the same idea in different words, used in summaries and mediation tasks. It shows understanding without copying the source text word for word.

A condensed account combining the key points of one or more documents. It requires selecting essential information and linking it clearly in one's own words.

A word that looks similar in two languages but differs in meaning, such as French 'actuellement' meaning 'currently', not 'actually'. Misreading them causes translation errors.