NVO Grade 4 Bulgarian flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Complication

The moment in a narrative when the conflict appears and the action changes direction; it follows the exposition and leads toward the climax.

Indirect characterization

Revealing a character's traits through actions, speech, thoughts, or other characters' reactions rather than by naming the trait directly in the text.

Theme of a text

The central idea the text conveys about life or human behavior, such as friendship or courage; it differs from the subject, which is simply what the text is about.

Personification

A figurative device giving human qualities to animals, objects, or natural phenomena, for example making the wind speak or the river laugh.

First-person narrator

A narrator who takes part in the events and tells the story using az-forms; the reader sees only what this character knows and notices.

Functional text

A short everyday text such as an announcement, invitation, timetable, recipe, or notice, organized so the reader can find practical information quickly.

Cause-effect structure

An informational organization in which one event or condition is presented as producing another, signaled by words like защото, поради, в резултат на.

Fact versus opinion

A fact can be checked and proven; an opinion is a judgment or evaluation, often marked by words like мисля, най-хубав, трябва.

Scanning a timetable

Reading a schedule by locating the intersection of two coordinates, such as day and time, and reporting only what the grid actually shows.

Voicing assimilation

A phonetic process in which a voiced consonant becomes voiceless before a voiceless one, or the reverse; the spelling keeps the original letters.

Word-final devoicing

The pronunciation rule that voiced consonants at the end of a Bulgarian word are said voiceless, as in град, while the written letter stays unchanged.

Morpheme-based spelling

Writing a word by its morphemes rather than by its sounds, using a related form to decide an unclear vowel or consonant letter.

Free and mobile stress

Bulgarian stress is not fixed to one syllable and can move between forms of a word; it may also distinguish meanings, so it is checked in a dictionary.

Definite article suffix

Bulgarian marks definiteness with an ending attached to the word: -ът/-ят, -та, -то, -те/-та, chosen by gender, number, and sentence function.

Verbal aspect

A property of the Bulgarian verb showing whether the action is viewed as completed (свършен вид) or ongoing and repeated (несвършен вид).

Renarrative mood

A verb form marking that the speaker reports information learned from someone else rather than witnessed directly, for example чел or отишъл.

Short pronoun forms

Unstressed dative and accusative pronouns such as ми, ти, го, я, ги, which normally stand before the verb in a Bulgarian sentence.

Adjective agreement

A Bulgarian adjective copies the gender, number, and definiteness of the noun it modifies, changing endings such as -ият, -ата, -ото, -ите.

Homogeneous sentence parts

Two or more sentence parts of the same kind answering the same question; they take a comma only when no single и or или joins them.

Compound sentence

A sentence made of two or more equal clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions such as и, но, или, or by intonation alone.

Complex sentence

A sentence with a main clause and at least one subordinate clause introduced by че, да, който, когато, защото, or ако, set off by a comma.

Direct speech punctuation

Direct speech is placed in quotation marks, preceded by introductory words and a colon; a change of speaker starts a new paragraph.

Subject and predicate

The subject names who or what performs the action and answers кой or какво; the predicate states the action or state and agrees with the subject.

Phraseologism

A fixed expression whose overall meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, so replacing or reordering a word breaks it.

Figurative meaning

A transferred sense of a word based on resemblance, as when a golden heart means kindness; the context must support the comparison.

Synonyms and nuance

Words with close core meaning that differ in intensity or style, such as голям and огромен; the context decides which one fits.

Collocation

A conventional pairing of words, especially verb plus noun, such as вземам решение; a different verb makes the phrase sound wrong.

Three-stage writing model

Planning fixes topic, audience, and outline; drafting writes the full text; editing then checks content, grammar, spelling, and punctuation separately.

Paragraph unity

A paragraph develops one main idea through supporting sentences; a new idea, time, place, or speaker requires a new paragraph.

Cohesion devices

Links that connect sentences and paragraphs, including back-referring pronouns, conjunctions like защото and но, and repeated or synonymous words.

Fable

A short allegorical narrative, usually with animal characters, that ends or begins with an explicit moral about human behavior.

Folk fairy tale

An anonymous orally transmitted tale with magic helpers, repeated tripartite structure, and a happy ending, unlike an author's literary fairy tale.

Poem versus story

A poem is arranged in lines and stanzas with rhythm and rhyme; a story is continuous prose with paragraphs and a sequence of events.