SEFAZ-SP Auditor Fiscal (AFRE) flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Accounting equation

Assets equal Liabilities plus Equity. Every transaction preserves this equality, so total debits always equal total credits in the double-entry system.

Accrual basis

Revenues are recognized when earned and expenses when incurred, regardless of cash receipt or payment, matching costs to the revenues they generate.

Empenho, liquidação, pagamento

The three stages of public expenditure: commitment reserves the budget, liquidation verifies delivery of the good or service, and payment discharges the obligation.

Anteriority principle

A tax that creates or increases a burden may only be collected in the following fiscal year, subject to constitutional exceptions such as import and export taxes.

Tax evasion versus elision

Evasion presupposes a taxable event that occurred and was concealed; elision presupposes conduct that prevents the taxable event from occurring at all.

Tax obligation types

The main obligation is the payment of the tax itself; accessory obligations are duties such as issuing invoices and keeping books, independent of the main one.

ICMS non-cumulativity

The tax due is calculated by offsetting the debit charged on outputs against credits on inputs, avoiding cascading taxation along the production chain.

ICMS-ST substitution

The law attributes to a third party, usually the industry or importer, the responsibility for collecting the tax on subsequent taxable events up to the final consumer.

ITCMD taxable event

The tax falls on causa mortis transmission and on donations of any property or right; the taxpayer is the heir or donee and the base is the transmitted value.

Auto de infração

The instrument that formalizes the tax assessment, containing the facts, the legal basis, the calculation of the tax, and the penalty applied.

Decadence versus prescription

Decadence extinguishes the right to assess the tax within five years; prescription extinguishes the right to collect a credit already assessed.

GDP expenditure formula

Gross domestic product equals consumption plus investment plus government spending plus exports minus imports, measured over a period.

Primary fiscal result

Revenues minus expenditures excluding interest payments on public debt; a primary surplus reduces the net debt ratio over time.

Modus ponens

A valid argument form: if P implies Q and P is true, then Q follows necessarily. It affirms the antecedent to reach the consequent.

Contrapositive equivalence

The conditional P implies Q is logically equivalent to not-Q implies not-P; the converse Q implies P is not equivalent.

De Morgan laws

The negation of a conjunction equals the disjunction of the negations; the negation of a disjunction equals the conjunction of the negations.

Limpe principles

Constitutional principles of public administration: legality, impersonality, morality, publicity, and efficiency, binding on all entities and powers.

Annulment versus revocation

Annulment removes an illegal administrative act with retroactive effect; revocation removes a lawful but inconvenient act with effect from now on.

Administrative act elements

Competence, object, form, motive, and purpose. The purpose is binding and cannot be altered, and deviation of purpose invalidates the act.

Crase rule

Mandatory before feminine nouns with article when the verb or noun requires the preposition a; forbidden before masculine nouns, verbs, and most proper names.

Cohesion versus coherence

Cohesion is the surface linking of sentences through pronouns and conjunctions; coherence is the global semantic unity and logical consistency of the text.

Concessive conjunction

Conjunctions such as embora, ainda que, and mesmo que introduce a clause conceding a fact contrary to the main clause and require the subjunctive.

Pronoun proclisis triggers

Words that attract the clitic pronoun before the verb: não, nunca, que, quando, já, também, todo, and subordinate clauses.

Straight-line depreciation

Annual expense equals cost minus residual value, divided by the useful life in years; the same amount is charged each period.

Current liquidity ratio

Current assets divided by current liabilities; a ratio above one indicates the entity can cover short-term obligations with short-term resources.

ICMS interstate rates

Twelve percent for operations between states in the same region and seven percent from South or Southeast to North, Northeast, or Center-West.

IPVA taxpayer

The owner of the motor vehicle is the taxpayer; the base is the market value and the rate is set by each state.

Tax audit evidence

Documentary evidence such as invoices, tax bookkeeping, and bank statements is the primary basis for the assessment; sampling must be documented and representative.

Public debt measures

Net debt deducts assets from liabilities of the consolidated public sector; gross debt does not deduct assets and is therefore larger.

Laffer curve

Beyond a certain tax rate, further increases reduce total revenue because the tax base shrinks through reduced activity and avoidance.

Normal distribution rule

About 68 percent of observations lie within one standard deviation of the mean, 95 percent within two, and 99.7 percent within three.

Bayes theorem

The posterior probability of A given B equals the prior of A times the likelihood of B given A, divided by the probability of B.

Public tender modalities

Under Lei 14.133/2021: concorrência, concurso, leilão, diálogo competitivo, and pregão; convite and tomada de preços were extinguished.