ANAC IBAV cheat sheet

RBAC is issued by ANAC under Lei 11.182/2005; RBAC 91 governs general operating and flight rules for civil aircraft in Brazil.

Brazilian registration marks use prefix PP, PR, PT, PU or PZ followed by three letters; marks are assigned by ANAC and must be displayed per RBAC 45.

Certificate of Airworthiness classes in Brazil: standard (Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, Commuter, Transport) and special (Primary, Restricted, Limited, Light Sport).

Crew duty limits under RBAC 91 Subpart K: maximum 8 hours flight time in any 24 consecutive hours for single-pilot operations, with 10 hours rest before the next duty period.

Alcohol: no person may act as crew within 8 hours of consuming alcohol or while having a blood alcohol concentration of 0.04% or greater.

Documents to be carried on board: certificate of registration, certificate of airworthiness, crew licences and medical certificates, journey log, and aircraft radio station licence.

Preflight action under RBAC 91 requires weight and balance, runway lengths at intended use airports, takeoff and landing performance data, fuel requirements, and available weather information.

VFR minimum visibility in controlled airspace below 3 050 m AMSL: 5 km flight visibility and 300 m horizontal / 150 m vertical cloud clearance from cloud.

Four forces in steady unaccelerated flight: lift equals weight, thrust equals drag; any imbalance produces acceleration along that axis.

Lift formula: L = ½ ρ V² S CL; induced drag Di = L² / (½ ρ V² π b² e), so induced drag falls as speed rises while parasite drag rises with V².

Total drag is minimum at the speed where induced drag equals parasite drag; this speed gives maximum lift-to-drag ratio and maximum glide range.

Load factor n = L/W = 1/cos(bank angle) in a level turn; at 60° bank n = 2, and stall speed rises by √n (about 1.41 times).

Critical angle of attack is the angle producing CLmax; it is independent of weight, bank angle and density altitude, all of which change the speed at which it is reached.

Asymmetric thrust in a twin with counter-clockwise propellers (viewed from cockpit) produces a critical engine on the left for conventional US-built twins because the right engine's P-factor arm is longer.

Aircraft stability: positive static stability means a restoring moment; longitudinal static stability requires the centre of gravity forward of the neutral point.

Hypoxia onset: useful consciousness at 25 000 ft is roughly 3–5 minutes without supplemental oxygen; above 10 000 ft prolonged exposure degrades night vision first.

Density altitude = pressure altitude + 120 × (OAT − ISA temperature at that level); high density altitude raises takeoff and landing distances.

Takeoff distance varies roughly with the square of weight and inversely with density ratio; a 10% weight increase raises takeoff ground roll by about 21%.

Headwind component = wind speed × cos(angle between wind and runway); crosswind component = wind speed × sin(angle).

Rate of climb for excess power: ROC = (excess power)/W; best angle of climb (Vx) maximises height gained per unit ground distance, best rate (Vy) per unit time.

Fuel planning VFR day: trip fuel plus 30 minutes reserve at cruise power; IFR requires alternate fuel plus 45 minutes reserve.

Specific range is maximum at the speed where (true airspeed)/(fuel flow) is greatest, typically near the best lift-to-drag speed adjusted for propeller efficiency.

Weight and balance: moment = weight × arm; CG = total moment / total weight; the datum is an arbitrary reference point defined in the weighing report.

Landing distance increases with the square of approach speed; a 10% increase in approach speed raises landing roll by about 21%.

Hypoxia types: hypoxic (reduced alveolar oxygen), hypemic (anaemia, CO poisoning), stagnant (G-forces, cold), and histotoxic (alcohol, cyanide).

Hyperventilation lowers arterial CO2 producing dizziness, tingling and cramps; treatment is controlled slower breathing, distinguishing it from hypoxia by rapid recovery.

Spatial disorientation: somatogravic illusion misreads linear acceleration as climb; the leans and graveyard spiral result from unperceived bank in IMC.

Greyout occurs around +4 to +5 G, blackout near +5.5 G; AGSM and leg muscle tension raise tolerance by maintaining blood pressure.

Circadian low points occur roughly 02:00–06:00 and 14:00–16:00 local body time; fatigue effects include slower reaction, narrowed attention and underestimation of risk.

Carbon monoxide binds haemoglobin about 200–250 times more strongly than oxygen; symptoms include headache, confusion and cherry-red skin at high levels.

Decompression sickness (bends) risk rises with altitude exposure after diving; a 24-hour surface interval is required after non-decompression dives before flying.

Decision-making: hazardous attitudes (anti-authority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, resignation) are countered by the antidotes follow, think, it could happen to me, taking chances is foolish, I am not helpless.

Standard atmosphere: sea level 15 °C, 1013.25 hPa, lapse rate 1.98 °C per 1 000 ft up to 36 090 ft (tropopause).

Pressure altimeter setting: flying from high to low pressure without adjustment makes the altimeter read higher than actual altitude (high to low, look out below).

ISA deviation temperature = OAT − (15 − 2 × pressure altitude in thousands of feet); density altitude rises about 120 ft per 1 °C above ISA.

Cloud types: cumulonimbus produces severe turbulence, icing and hail; stratiform cloud gives steady precipitation and smooth but persistent icing risk.

Icing: clear ice forms in large supercooled drops between 0 °C and −10 °C; rime ice forms in small drops at colder temperatures; both degrade lift and increase drag.

Wind: surface friction backs wind and reduces speed; veering with height in the northern hemisphere follows the Ekman spiral; the 2 000 ft wind is roughly surface wind plus 30° veer.

Thunderstorm life cycle: cumulus (updrafts), mature (updrafts and downdrafts, hail, lightning, gust front), dissipating (downdrafts dominate).

Fog types: radiation fog forms on clear calm nights with high humidity; advection fog forms when warm moist air moves over a cold surface.

Great circle is the shortest path between two points on a sphere; rhumb line is a constant-track line; Mercator charts show rhumb lines as straight lines.

Magnetic variation east is subtracted from true to obtain magnetic; magnetic deviation is aircraft-specific and read from the compass correction card.

Time zone: UTC = local time + zone offset; Brazil uses UTC−2 (Fernando de Noronha), UTC−3 (Brasília), UTC−4 (Amazonas) and UTC−5 (Acre).

1 minute of latitude equals 1 nautical mile; 1 minute of longitude equals 1 NM × cos(latitude).

True airspeed from indicated: TAS ≈ IAS × (1 + 0.02 × altitude in thousands of feet) as a rough approximation at low speeds.

Wind triangle: heading = track − wind correction angle; ground speed = TAS × cos(WCA) + wind component along track.

NDB/ADF: the ADF needle points to the station relative to aircraft heading; relative bearing + heading = magnetic bearing to the station.

VOR: the OBS selects the radial; a FROM indication means the aircraft is on the selected radial outbound; reverse sensing occurs when the selected radial is behind the aircraft.

Emergency frequencies: 121.5 MHz for civil aviation, 243.0 MHz military; distress call MAYDAY (three times), urgency call PAN PAN (three times).

Squawk codes: 7500 unlawful interference, 7600 radio failure, 7700 general emergency; 7000 is VFR in Europe, not used in Brazil.

Radio failure in VMC: continue under VFR, land at the nearest suitable aerodrome and report arrival; in IMC follow the last assigned route and minimum altitudes.

Readback required items: clearances, runway in use, hold short instructions, altimeter settings, headings, altitudes and frequencies.

Wake turbulence separation: heavy behind heavy 4 NM, medium behind heavy 5 NM, light behind heavy 6 NM; stay above the preceding aircraft's flight path and land beyond its touchdown point.

Wind shear escape: apply maximum thrust, pitch to the go-around attitude, do not change configuration until clear of the shear.

Phonetic alphabet uses ICAO words (Alfa, Bravo, Charlie …); digits are spoken individually except whole hundreds and thousands in altitudes.

Preflight checklist items: weather, NOTAMs, weight and balance, fuel, alternate, and emergency briefing; passenger briefing required before takeoff.