ANAC IBAV flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

RBAC 91 applicability

Brazilian rule for general operating and flight rules for civil aircraft, covering crew qualifications, VFR/IFR weather minima, fuel, maintenance and preflight actions.

Brazilian registration prefix

Brazilian civil aircraft carry marks beginning with PP, PR, PT, PU or PZ followed by three letters, assigned by ANAC and painted per the marking rule.

Alcohol rule for crew

No crew member may act within 8 hours of drinking alcohol or with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.04% or more, under RBAC 91.

VFR cloud clearance Brazil

Below 3 050 m AMSL in controlled airspace, VFR requires 5 km visibility and stay 300 m horizontally and 150 m vertically clear of cloud.

Documents carried on board

Registration certificate, airworthiness certificate, crew licences and medicals, journey log, and radio station licence must be on board each flight.

Lift equation

Lift equals one half times air density times true airspeed squared times wing area times lift coefficient; lift rises with the square of speed.

Induced drag relation

Induced drag equals lift squared divided by one half rho V squared pi span squared efficiency; it decreases as speed increases and dominates at low speed.

Critical angle of attack

The angle of attack producing maximum lift coefficient; it is fixed for a given wing and is reached at lower speed when weight or load factor increases.

Load factor in turns

Load factor equals one divided by cosine of bank angle in a level turn; at 60 degrees it is 2, and stall speed rises by the square root of load factor.

Longitudinal static stability

Aircraft is statically stable in pitch when a disturbance produces a restoring moment; this requires the centre of gravity forward of the neutral point.

Density altitude formula

Density altitude equals pressure altitude plus 120 times the difference between outside air temperature and ISA temperature at that pressure altitude.

Wind component formulas

Headwind component equals wind speed times cosine of the angle between wind and runway; crosswind component equals wind speed times sine of that angle.

VFR fuel reserve

Day VFR flight requires trip fuel plus a 30-minute reserve at cruise power; IFR requires alternate fuel plus 45 minutes reserve.

Centre of gravity formula

Centre of gravity equals total moment divided by total weight, where each moment is the item weight multiplied by its arm from the datum.

Best angle of climb

Vx gives the greatest height gained per unit horizontal distance, useful for clearing obstacles; it is lower than Vy and decreases with altitude.

Hypoxia types

Hypoxic from low alveolar oxygen, hypemic from reduced haemoglobin, stagnant from poor circulation, and histotoxic from cellular inability to use oxygen.

Hyperventilation signs

Rapid breathing lowers carbon dioxide, causing dizziness, tingling, cramps and blurred vision; treatment is slow controlled breathing, unlike hypoxia which needs oxygen.

Somatogravic illusion

Linear acceleration is misread as a climb attitude, prompting a pilot to push over; deceleration is misread as a descent, prompting a pull up.

Greyout and blackout

Greyout occurs near plus 4 to 5 G as peripheral vision fails; blackout near plus 5.5 G; anti-G straining manoeuvres raise tolerance by sustaining blood pressure.

Carbon monoxide effects

Carbon monoxide binds haemoglobin far more strongly than oxygen, causing headache, confusion and unconsciousness; cabin heat and exhaust leaks are common sources.

Hazardous attitudes antidotes

Anti-authority countered by follow the rules, impulsivity by think first, invulnerability by it could happen to me, macho by taking chances is foolish, resignation by I can make a difference.

ISA sea level values

Standard atmosphere at sea level is 15 degrees Celsius and 1013.25 hectopascals, with temperature falling 1.98 degrees Celsius per 1000 feet to the tropopause.

High to low pressure

Flying from high to low pressure without resetting the altimeter makes it read higher than true altitude; the memory aid is high to low, look out below.

Clear versus rime ice

Clear ice forms from large supercooled drops between 0 and minus 10 Celsius and is heavy; rime ice forms from small drops at colder temperatures and is rough.

Thunderstorm mature stage

The mature stage has both updrafts and downdrafts, producing hail, lightning, severe turbulence and a gust front; it is the most hazardous stage for flight.

Radiation fog conditions

Radiation fog forms on clear, calm nights when the ground cools moist air below its dew point, typically in valleys and lasting until morning warming.

Magnetic variation rule

Variation east is subtracted from true heading to obtain magnetic; variation west is added; deviation from aircraft magnetism is applied separately from the compass card.

Great circle versus rhumb

A great circle is the shortest path on a sphere and appears curved on Mercator charts; a rhumb line keeps constant track and plots straight on Mercator.

Latitude and longitude units

One minute of latitude equals one nautical mile; one minute of longitude equals one nautical mile multiplied by cosine of the latitude.

ADF relative bearing

The ADF needle shows relative bearing to the station; adding aircraft magnetic heading gives the magnetic bearing to the station for plotting.

Squawk emergency codes

7500 indicates unlawful interference, 7600 radio failure, and 7700 general emergency; these codes alert air traffic control without voice contact.

Wake turbulence separation

Heavy behind heavy requires 4 nautical miles, medium behind heavy 5, light behind heavy 6; stay above the preceding flight path and land beyond its touchdown point.

Radio failure in VMC

Continue under visual flight rules, land at the nearest suitable aerodrome, and report arrival to air traffic control as soon as practicable after landing.