ЦТ Social Studies flashcards
ЦТ Social Studies · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Society
- A self-reproducing system of relations among people, distinguished by integrity, dynamism, and the presence of spheres: economic, political, social, and spiritual.
- Social institution
- A historically established stable set of norms, rules, and roles that satisfies a fundamental need of society, such as family, state, school, or church.
- Traditional society
- An agrarian-type society where land is the main resource, estate hierarchy and communal ties dominate, tradition prevails over innovation, and social mobility is low.
- Personality
- A subject of conscious activity and social relations, formed in society through communication, upbringing, and activity; it expresses socially significant traits of a person.
- Individuality
- The unique combination of biological and social traits of a person, distinguishing that person from all others in appearance, temperament, abilities, and experience.
- Temperament
- An innate individual property of the psyche determining the speed, strength, and balance of nervous processes; types are sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, and melancholic.
- Socialization
- The process by which a person assimilates social norms, values, knowledge, and roles; primary socialization occurs in the family, secondary in institutions and adulthood.
- Activity
- A specifically human form of active relation to the world aimed at transforming it and satisfying needs; its components are motive, goal, means, actions, and result.
- Sensory cognition
- The first level of cognition, carried out through the sense organs and represented by three forms: sensation, perception, and representation.
- Truth
- Correspondence of knowledge to reality; objective truth does not depend on the subject, absolute truth is exhaustive, and relative truth is incomplete yet objective.
- Practice
- The material transformative activity of people; it is regarded as the main criterion of truth, alongside logical consistency and verifiability of knowledge.
- Culture
- The totality of all types of transformative activity and its results; material and spiritual culture are distinguished, and its functions include transmission of experience and humanization.
- Mass culture
- A commercial, standardized form of culture aimed at a wide audience, spreading through mass media and characterized by accessibility and low demands on preparation.
- Morality
- A form of social consciousness regulating behavior through public opinion, conscience, and custom, unlike law, which is enforced by the state.
- Religion
- A form of worldview and social institution based on belief in the supernatural, including doctrine, cult, organization, and performing worldview, compensatory, and integrating functions.
- Factors of production
- Resources used to create goods: land yields rent, labor yields wages, capital yields interest, and entrepreneurial ability yields profit.
- Market
- A mechanism coordinating the decisions of producers and consumers through prices; its functions include informational, regulatory, pricing, intermediary, and sanitizing.
- Demand law
- The regularity according to which, other things being equal, an increase in the price of a good leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded of it.
- Inflation
- A sustained rise in the general price level, caused by excess money supply or rising costs; it depreciates savings and reduces the purchasing power of money.
- Social stratification
- The division of society into strata arranged hierarchically according to income, power, education, and prestige; the main strata are upper, middle, and lower.
- Social mobility
- The movement of individuals or groups in social structure; vertical mobility moves up or down the ladder, horizontal mobility changes position without changing rank.
- Social role
- The pattern of behavior expected from a person holding a particular social status; role conflict occurs when the demands of different roles collide.
- Social norms
- Generally binding rules of behavior regulating interaction: customs, moral, legal, religious, aesthetic, and corporate norms, supported by sanctions.
- Political power
- The ability to influence the behavior of large groups of people through the state, law, and authority; it extends to the whole society and relies on legitimacy.
- State
- A political organization of society possessing territory, sovereignty, public power, a legal system, and a monopoly on lawful coercion and taxation.
- Separation of powers
- The division of state power into legislative, executive, and judicial branches, each independent and restraining the others through a system of checks and balances.
- Political party
- A voluntary organized group expressing the interests of part of society, seeking state power, and performing representation, socialization, and elite-selection functions.
- Legal norm
- A generally binding rule of behavior established by the state and secured by state coercion; its structure includes hypothesis, disposition, and sanction.
- Offense
- An unlawful guilty act of a capable person that harms society; it includes four elements and is divided into crimes and misdemeanors.
- Legal relation
- A social relation regulated by legal norms, whose participants have mutual rights and duties; its elements are subjects, content, and object.
- Legal liability
- The application of state-coercive measures to a person who committed an offense; types include criminal, administrative, civil-law, disciplinary, and material.
- Constitution
- The fundamental law of the state with supreme legal force and direct effect, enshrining the constitutional system, rights, and freedoms of citizens.