ЦТ Social Studies study guide
ЦТ Social Studies · Work through your exam, one topic at a time.
The ЦТ Social Studies (Централизованное тестирование по обществоведению) is a standardized multiple-choice examination used in Belarus as part of centralized testing for admission to higher-education programmes in law, history, sociology, economics and related social-science fields. It suits secondary-school graduates and other applicants who need a comparable, centrally scored result rather than school-based assessment alone. The ЦТ Social Studies study guide has 8 sections and about 2,434 words.
01Society and Social Institutions
Society is a self-reproducing system of relationships among people. Candidates must be able to distinguish society (the whole web of relations), social group (a set of interacting people with shared expectations), and social institution (a stable, normatively regulated pattern of activity meeting a basic social need).
281 words, about 1 min02Human Being and Personality
Understand the triad individual - individuality - personality . The individual is any single representative of the species; individuality is the unique combination of traits; personality is the stable system of socially significant qualities formed in activity and communication.
306 words, about 2 min03Cognition and Activity
Activity is the human way of relating to the world: it has a subject , an object , a goal , motives , means , and a result . Know the main types - play, learning, labour, communication - and the leading activity of each age (play in preschool, learning in school age).
339 words, about 2 min04Spiritual Life of Society and Culture
Culture is the totality of human-created material and spiritual values. Distinguish material and spiritual culture, and material from spiritual production.
304 words, about 2 min05Economy and Economic Relations
Economics studies the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods under scarcity. Know the factors of production : land (rent), labour (wages), capital (interest), entrepreneurship (profit), and information.
288 words, about 1 min06Social Structure and Social Relations
Social structure is the patterned arrangement of groups and the relations between them. Know the main social communities : class, stratum, estate, caste, nation, professional and demographic groups.
307 words, about 2 min07Politics and Political Power
Politics is activity concerned with power, its acquisition, exercise, and distribution. Know political power (its sources: force, authority, wealth, knowledge, charisma) and legitimacy in Weber's types: traditional, charismatic, rational-legal.
289 words, about 1 min08Law and Legal Relations
Law is a system of generally binding norms established and enforced by the state. Know the sources of law : legal custom, precedent, normative legal act, and the hierarchy of acts (constitution → constitutional laws → ordinary laws → subordinate acts).
320 words, about 2 min