ЦТ Social Studies key terms

A stable system of relationships and interactions linking people who share a common territory, culture, and set of institutions that reproduce their collective life over time.

An established, organized pattern of norms, roles, and procedures that fulfils a basic societal need, such as the family, school, state, or market.

The lifelong process through which a person learns the norms, values, skills, and roles of a society and becomes a functioning member of it.

The relatively stable set of traits, motives, values, and behaviour patterns that distinguishes an individual and develops through interaction with the social environment.

A single human being considered as a distinct biological and social unit, with unique traits, needs, and rights independent of the group.

The set of expected behaviours, rights, and obligations attached to a particular position or status that a person occupies in a group.

The position a person occupies in a social group or society, which carries certain expectations and determines relative prestige and access to resources.

A purposeful, conscious form of human behaviour directed at transforming the surrounding world or the person's own condition to satisfy needs.

The process of acquiring, processing, storing, and using information about reality, including perception, memory, thinking, and imagination.

The correspondence of knowledge, statements, or beliefs to objective reality, verifiable by practice and independent of mere personal preference.

An integrated system of general beliefs about nature, society, and humanity's place in the world that guides a person's values and conduct.

The totality of material and spiritual products, norms, values, knowledge, and practices created and transmitted by a society across generations.

The sphere of human activity concerned with producing and consuming ideas, values, knowledge, art, and beliefs, as distinct from material production.

A social phenomenon consisting of beliefs in supernatural forces, associated rituals, moral norms, and communities organized around worship.

A form of spiritual activity aimed at producing objective, systematic, and verifiable knowledge about reality through observation, theory, and experiment.

An organized process of transmitting knowledge, skills, and values to learners, serving both personal development and the reproduction of society's culture and workforce.

The system of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services by which a society meets its material needs.

A mechanism in which buyers and sellers interact, driven by supply and demand, to determine prices and allocate goods, services, and resources.

The monetary amount at which a good or service is exchanged, formed through the interaction of supply and demand and reflecting relative scarcity.

Rivalry among producers or sellers striving for consumers and profit, which encourages efficiency, innovation, and responsiveness to demand.

The legally recognized right to own, use, and dispose of things or resources, including the right to exclude others and to transfer ownership.

A compulsory payment levied by the state on individuals and organizations to fund public goods and services and to redistribute income.

A plan of expected revenues and planned expenditures for a defined period, drawn up by a household, firm, or government to manage its finances.

The hierarchical arrangement of social groups into layers that differ in wealth, power, and prestige, producing unequal life chances.

The movement of individuals or groups between positions in the social hierarchy, either upward or downward within a lifetime or across generations.

A collection of people who interact regularly, share common norms or goals, and recognize themselves as a distinct unit.

A historically formed community of people sharing a common origin, language, culture, and self-awareness of belonging together.

A historically formed community united by a common language, culture, economy, and territory, often possessing or seeking its own statehood.

The sphere of activity concerned with acquiring, exercising, and contesting power, including decision-making about the governance of society.

The capacity to influence public decisions and the behaviour of others through authority, coercion, resources, or legitimacy within a political community.

The central political institution of a society, possessing sovereignty, a defined territory, a population, and a monopoly on legitimate coercion.

The recognition and acceptance by people that a government's authority to rule is rightful, which stabilizes power beyond mere coercion.

An organized association that seeks to influence or win governmental power by promoting a programme and contesting elections.

A political system in which authority derives from the consent of the people, exercised through free elections, majority rule, and protection of rights.

A system of generally binding norms established or sanctioned by the state and enforced through its authority to regulate social relations.

The state-enforced duty of a person to suffer specified negative consequences for a committed offence, such as punishment or compensation.

A culpable, unlawful act or omission prohibited by law for which the perpetrator faces legal liability under legislation.

Fundamental entitlements held by every person by virtue of being human, such as life, liberty, and dignity, protected by national and international law.