Belarus GAI Theory B cheat sheet

A driver is any person operating a vehicle; a road user is any person on the road, including pedestrians, passengers and cyclists.

Right-hand traffic applies in Belarus: vehicles keep to the right side of the roadway unless a sign, marking or manoeuvre dictates otherwise.

A road is the whole strip of land or structure set aside for traffic, including shoulders, verges, dividing strips and tram tracks.

The roadway is the part of the road used by trackless vehicles; a lane is any longitudinal strip of roadway wide enough for a single line of vehicles.

An intersection is a place where roads meet, join or branch at the same level; exits from adjacent areas are not intersections.

A built-up area is a section of road marked by the settlement signs (white or blue name signs); their effect ends at the corresponding end sign.

An emergency stop is stopping because of a technical fault, danger to traffic, or the driver's condition, not a planned stop.

A convoy is a group of two or more vehicles travelling in the same direction, one following the other, with the lead vehicle marked as required.

A pedestrian is a person outside a vehicle on the road who is not working on the road; people in wheelchairs and pushing bicycles count as pedestrians.

A driver must carry a valid driving licence of the correct category, the vehicle registration certificate, and proof of compulsory civil liability insurance.

On demand by a police officer, the driver must hand over the documents for checking; refusal is an offence.

Before driving, the driver must check the vehicle's technical condition and ensure it is roadworthy; driving a faulty vehicle is prohibited.

The driver must fasten the seat belt and ensure all passengers are belted or in appropriate child restraints.

After a road traffic accident, the driver must stop, switch on hazard lights, display the warning triangle, and not move the vehicle unless required.

The driver must give first aid to injured persons and call an ambulance and the police; leaving the scene is prohibited.

The driver must obey lawful orders of police and traffic controllers, including stopping, changing route and undergoing medical examination.

A driver must not drive under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or medication that impairs reaction; the permitted alcohol level is zero.

Warning signs are triangular with a red border and warn of hazards ahead; in built-up areas they are placed 50-100 m before the hazard.

Priority signs (give way, main road, stop) are placed at the junction itself and override the general right-hand priority rule.

Prohibitory signs are round with a red border; they ban the action shown from the sign's location to the next intersection or end sign.

Mandatory signs are round and blue, ordering a direction, minimum speed, or a designated path for a category of road user.

Information and direction signs are rectangular or square and show destinations, lane use, and facility locations.

Service signs indicate facilities such as fuel stations, hospitals and telephones; they do not impose obligations.

A red-bordered round sign with a number shows a maximum speed limit; a blue round sign with a number shows a minimum speed.

The 'Stop' sign requires a full stop at the stop line or, if absent, before the crossing roadway, and yield to traffic on the crossed road.

A solid white centre line (marking 1.1) may not be crossed; a broken white line (1.5) may be crossed when overtaking or changing lanes is safe.

A double solid line separates opposing traffic and may not be crossed by any vehicle.

A solid yellow line along the kerb prohibits stopping; a broken yellow line prohibits parking (standing) only.

A white stop line (1.12) marks where vehicles must stop at a 'Stop' sign or traffic signal.

Zebra crossing markings (1.14.1) show the pedestrian crossing area; drivers must give way to pedestrians on it.

A white arrow on the roadway (1.18) shows the permitted direction of travel from that lane; drivers must follow it.

A hatched area (1.16) bordered by solid lines marks a traffic island or separating strip that vehicles may not enter.

A broken line with an arrow (1.19) warns of approaching narrowing of the roadway; drivers should prepare to merge.

A steady red light means stop at the stop line or before the intersection; a steady green light permits movement if the way is clear.

A yellow light warns that the signal is changing to red; drivers must stop unless stopping would create a hazard.

A flashing yellow light means the signal is not working as a priority controller; proceed with caution and follow general priority rules.

A green arrow in an additional section permits movement in the direction shown, but only after yielding to other traffic.

A red light combined with a green arrow allows movement in the arrow direction only; other directions remain prohibited.

A flashing red light or two alternating red lights require a full stop and movement only when safe.

A tram must obey tram-specific signals; a white-and-red signal means the tram may proceed.

A traffic signal overrides priority signs and markings; when the signal works, drivers follow the light, not the sign.

A traffic controller's signals take priority over traffic signals, signs and markings; drivers must obey the controller.

Arm raised vertically means 'attention': all vehicles must stop except those already in the intersection, which must clear it.

Arms extended forward or to the sides mean vehicles may proceed straight ahead and to the right from the controller's side.

Right arm extended forward means vehicles may proceed to the right only from the controller's side.

A wave of the hand or baton directs the driver to the required direction or to stop; the driver must comply.

The controller's position (facing, side-on, or back to the driver) determines which traffic stream is allowed to move.

If a driver cannot see the controller's signals, they must follow the signals of the vehicle in front only if it is clear.

When signals conflict, the order of priority is: controller, traffic signal, priority sign, then general rules.

Before starting or changing lanes, the driver must check mirrors, signal the intention, and yield to vehicles already in the lane.

A lane change must be made without interfering with other road users; the driver changing lanes yields to traffic in the target lane.

Vehicles must be driven as close as practicable to the right edge of the roadway, except when overtaking, turning left, or avoiding obstacles.

On roads with three or more lanes in one direction, the left lanes are for overtaking and faster traffic; slow vehicles keep right.

A U-turn is prohibited at pedestrian crossings, on bridges, in tunnels, and where visibility is limited.

Reversing is prohibited at intersections, pedestrian crossings, and on roads with restricted visibility; a reversing driver must yield to all.

Turning left or right must be executed from the lane nearest the corresponding edge, unless markings show otherwise.

The driver must maintain a lateral clearance of at least 1 m when passing a pedestrian, cyclist, or stationary vehicle.

In built-up areas the default maximum speed is 60 km/h unless signs indicate otherwise.

Outside built-up areas the maximum speed is 90 km/h for cars on ordinary roads and 110 km/h on motorways where posted.

The driver must choose a speed that allows stopping within the visible distance, and must reduce speed in poor visibility, rain, or darkness.

A safe following distance is at least the distance covered in 2 seconds; in rain or on ice, increase to 3-4 seconds.

Towing a trailer reduces the permitted maximum speed; the driver must consult the vehicle's documentation for the limit.

Speed limits are reduced near schools, pedestrian crossings and roadworks; temporary signs override permanent ones.

Driving too slowly without justification is prohibited when it obstructs other traffic and creates a hazard.

A driver approaching a pedestrian crossing or a stopped vehicle at a crossing must slow down and be ready to stop.

Overtaking is prohibited at pedestrian crossings, at intersections (unless on a priority road), on bridges, and where visibility is limited.

Before overtaking, the driver must confirm the lane ahead is clear and that no vehicle is already overtaking them.

Overtaking must be completed without forcing the overtaken vehicle to change speed or direction.

Stopping is prohibited on pedestrian crossings, tram tracks, railway crossings, and within 5 m of a crossing or intersection.

Parking is prohibited where it blocks driveways, bus stops, or within 50 m of a railway crossing.

On a road with a solid centre line, the driver may not cross it to overtake; a broken line permits overtaking when safe.

When two vehicles meet on a narrow road, the driver with the obstacle on their side must yield.

A vehicle stopped for a pedestrian crossing must not be overtaken, as a pedestrian may be hidden in front of it.

At an uncontrolled intersection of equal roads, the driver must yield to vehicles approaching from the right.

A vehicle on a priority road has the right-of-way over vehicles entering from secondary roads.

A driver turning left must yield to oncoming vehicles going straight or turning right.

A driver entering a roundabout must yield to vehicles already circulating, unless signs indicate otherwise.

At a 'Give way' sign, the driver must slow down and yield; at a 'Stop' sign, the driver must come to a full stop.

A vehicle emerging from a driveway, petrol station or adjacent area must yield to all traffic on the road.

When a traffic signal permits movement, the driver still must yield to pedestrians and to vehicles already in the intersection.

A driver must not enter an intersection if traffic beyond it would force them to stop within the intersection area.

At a pedestrian crossing, the driver must yield to pedestrians on the crossing and to those about to step onto it.

Overtaking is prohibited at pedestrian crossings, and stopping or parking on them is prohibited.

Passengers may board and alight only on the side of the vehicle facing the pavement, unless it is safe otherwise.

The driver must ensure passengers are seated and belted before moving off; children must use appropriate restraints.

At a railway crossing, the driver must stop if the barrier is closed or closing, the red light flashes, or the bell sounds.

A driver must not enter a railway crossing unless they can clear it without stopping.

Stopping, parking, overtaking and reversing are prohibited on and near railway crossings.

A driver must slow down and be ready to stop at an unguarded railway crossing with limited visibility.

Dipped headlights must be used at night, in tunnels, in poor visibility, and when towing.

Main beam headlights must be switched to dipped beam when an oncoming vehicle is within 150 m, to avoid dazzling the other driver.

Hazard warning lights must be switched on when the vehicle is stopped due to a fault or accident, or when warning others of a hazard.

A warning triangle must be displayed at least 15 m behind the vehicle in built-up areas and 30 m outside built-up areas.

In fog, rain or snow, the driver must use dipped headlights and may use fog lights; main beam worsens visibility.

On ice or snow, the driver must reduce speed, increase following distance, and avoid sudden braking or steering.

Front fog lights may be used in poor visibility instead of or together with dipped headlights, but not as a substitute for them at night.

The driver must not use main beam in built-up areas where it would dazzle other road users.

A first-aid kit, a warning triangle, and a fire extinguisher are mandatory safety equipment in a vehicle.

For severe bleeding, apply direct pressure with a clean dressing and elevate the limb if possible.

For a suspected spinal injury, do not move the casualty unless there is immediate danger such as fire.

For burns, cool the area with clean water and do not apply oil, ointment, or ice directly.

For a casualty who is not breathing, begin chest compressions at 100-120 per minute and call emergency services.

The vehicle's tyres must have a tread depth of at least 1.6 mm for cars; worn tyres are a defect that prohibits driving.

Brakes, steering, lights, and the windscreen wiper must be in working order; a defective brake or steering system prohibits driving.

The exhaust must not emit excessive smoke, and the windscreen must give a clear view; cracked glass in the driver's field of vision is a defect.

The driver must present documents to a police officer on request; driving without a licence or insurance is an offence.

The driver must report an accident to the police and must not leave the scene until permitted.

The driver must not drive after consuming alcohol or drugs; the permitted blood alcohol level in Belarus is zero.

The vehicle must pass periodic technical inspection as required; an expired inspection certificate is a defect.

The driver must comply with lawful instructions from police, traffic controllers and road maintenance officials.

The driver must not use a hand-held mobile phone while driving; a hands-free device is permitted.

The driver must ensure the vehicle's registration plates are clean, legible and correctly mounted.

The driver must give way to emergency vehicles with flashing blue lights and sirens, and must not follow them closely.

When a traffic signal and a priority sign conflict, the traffic signal takes precedence while it is operating.

A traffic controller's signals override all other signals, signs and markings.

A temporary road sign takes priority over a permanent sign of the same type in roadworks.

When a traffic signal flashes yellow, the driver follows priority signs and general right-hand priority rules.

A green arrow in an additional section does not grant priority; the driver must yield to other traffic.

A 'Stop' sign combined with a stop line requires a full stop at the line before proceeding.

A solid yellow line along the kerb prohibits stopping, while a broken yellow line prohibits only parking.

When an intersection is blocked by traffic beyond it, the driver must not enter even on a green light.

Stopping distance = reaction distance + braking distance; reaction distance grows with speed and driver fatigue.

At 60 km/h a vehicle covers about 17 m per second; at 90 km/h about 25 m per second.

The two-second rule gives a minimum following gap; in rain or on ice, use three to four seconds.

Braking distance increases with the square of speed: doubling speed roughly quadruples the braking distance.

On a wet road, braking distance can double; on ice it can increase up to ten times.

The driver must always be able to stop within the distance visible ahead, especially at night on dipped beam.

A safe lateral gap when passing a cyclist or pedestrian is at least 1 m in built-up areas.

Speed limits are reduced in roadworks and near schools; temporary signs override permanent limits.

Before any manoeuvre, the driver must signal, check mirrors and blind spots, and yield to traffic already in the lane.

A U-turn is prohibited at pedestrian crossings, on bridges, in tunnels, and where visibility is limited.

Reversing is prohibited at intersections and pedestrian crossings; a reversing driver must yield to all other road users.

Turning must be made from the lane nearest the corresponding edge; a driver turning left yields to oncoming traffic.

A driver changing lanes yields to vehicles already in the target lane; a lane change must not force others to brake.

Vehicles must keep to the right edge of the roadway except when overtaking, turning left, or avoiding an obstacle.

On a three-lane road in one direction, the left lane is for overtaking and faster traffic; slow vehicles keep right.

When entering a roundabout, the driver yields to vehicles already circulating unless signs indicate otherwise.

At a pedestrian crossing, the driver must yield to pedestrians on the crossing and to those about to step onto it.

Overtaking is prohibited at pedestrian crossings; stopping and parking on them are prohibited.

Passengers may board and alight only on the side facing the pavement, unless it is safe otherwise.

The driver must ensure passengers are seated and belted before moving off; children must use appropriate restraints.

A driver must not carry passengers in a way that obstructs the driver's view or control of the vehicle.

A vehicle stopped at a pedestrian crossing must not be overtaken, as a pedestrian may be hidden in front of it.

The driver must slow down and be ready to stop when approaching a pedestrian crossing or a stopped vehicle at one.

Children must be transported in child restraints appropriate to their age and size, in the rear seats where possible.

At a railway crossing, the driver must stop if the barrier is closed or closing, the red light flashes, or the bell sounds.

A driver must not enter a railway crossing unless they can clear it without stopping.

Stopping, parking, overtaking and reversing are prohibited on and near railway crossings.

A driver must slow down and be ready to stop at an unguarded railway crossing with limited visibility.

Parking is prohibited within 50 m of a railway crossing.

A driver must not cross a railway crossing when the barrier is being raised or lowered.

If a vehicle stalls on a crossing, occupants must leave the vehicle and move away, and warn the train if possible.

The driver must obey the crossing attendant's signals and the crossing signals in preference to general road rules.

Dipped headlights must be used at night, in tunnels, in poor visibility, and when towing.

Main beam must be switched to dipped beam when an oncoming vehicle is within 150 m, to avoid dazzling the other driver.

Hazard warning lights must be switched on when the vehicle is stopped due to a fault or accident, or to warn others of a hazard.

A warning triangle must be displayed at least 15 m behind the vehicle in built-up areas and 30 m outside built-up areas.

In fog, rain or snow, use dipped headlights and fog lights; main beam worsens visibility by reflecting off the fog.

On ice or snow, reduce speed, increase following distance, and avoid sudden braking or steering.

Front fog lights may be used in poor visibility but not as a substitute for dipped headlights at night in built-up areas.

The driver must not use main beam in built-up areas where it would dazzle other road users.

A first-aid kit, a warning triangle, and a fire extinguisher are mandatory safety equipment in a vehicle.

For severe bleeding, apply direct pressure with a clean dressing and elevate the limb if possible.

For a suspected spinal injury, do not move the casualty unless there is immediate danger such as fire.

For burns, cool the area with clean water and do not apply oil, ointment, or ice directly.

For a casualty who is not breathing, begin chest compressions at 100-120 per minute and call emergency services.

The vehicle's tyres must have a tread depth of at least 1.6 mm for cars; worn tyres are a defect that prohibits driving.

Brakes, steering, lights, and the windscreen wiper must be in working order; a defective brake or steering system prohibits driving.

The exhaust must not emit excessive smoke, and the windscreen must give a clear view; cracked glass in the driver's field of vision is a defect.

A driver is any person operating a vehicle; a road user is any person on the road, including pedestrians, passengers and cyclists.

Right-hand traffic applies in Belarus: vehicles keep to the right side of the roadway unless a sign, marking or manoeuvre dictates otherwise.

A road is the whole strip of land or structure set aside for traffic, including shoulders, verges, dividing strips and tram tracks.

The roadway is the part of the road used by trackless vehicles; a lane is any longitudinal strip of roadway wide enough for a single line of vehicles.

An intersection is a place where roads meet, join or branch at the same level; exits from adjacent areas are not intersections.

A built-up area is a section of road marked by the settlement signs; their effect ends at the corresponding end sign.

An emergency stop is stopping because of a technical fault, danger to traffic, or the driver's condition, not a planned stop.

A pedestrian is a person outside a vehicle on the road who is not working on the road; people in wheelchairs and pushing bicycles count as pedestrians.

A driver must carry a valid driving licence of the correct category, the vehicle registration certificate, and proof of compulsory civil liability insurance.

On demand by a police officer, the driver must hand over the documents for checking; refusal is an offence.

Before driving, the driver must check the vehicle's technical condition and ensure it is roadworthy; driving a faulty vehicle is prohibited.

The driver must fasten the seat belt and ensure all passengers are belted or in appropriate child restraints.

After a road traffic accident, the driver must stop, switch on hazard lights, display the warning triangle, and not move the vehicle unless required.

The driver must give first aid to injured persons and call an ambulance and the police; leaving the scene is prohibited.

The driver must obey lawful orders of police and traffic controllers, including stopping, changing route and undergoing medical examination.

A driver must not drive under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or medication that impairs reaction; the permitted alcohol level is zero.

Warning signs are triangular with a red border and warn of hazards ahead; in built-up areas they are placed 50-100 m before the hazard.

Priority signs (give way, main road, stop) are placed at the junction itself and override the general right-hand priority rule.

Prohibitory signs are round with a red border; they ban the action shown from the sign's location to the next intersection or end sign.

Mandatory signs are round and blue, ordering a direction, minimum speed, or a designated path for a category of road user.

A solid white centre line may not be crossed; a broken white line may be crossed when overtaking or changing lanes is safe.

A double solid line separates opposing traffic and may not be crossed by any vehicle.

A solid yellow line along the kerb prohibits stopping; a broken yellow line prohibits parking (standing) only.

A white stop line marks where vehicles must stop at a 'Stop' sign or traffic signal.

A steady red light means stop at the stop line or before the intersection; a steady green light permits movement if the way is clear.

A yellow light warns that the signal is changing to red; drivers must stop unless stopping would create a hazard.

A flashing yellow light means the signal is not working as a priority controller; proceed with caution and follow general priority rules.

A green arrow in an additional section permits movement in the direction shown, but only after yielding to other traffic.

A traffic controller's signals take priority over traffic signals, signs and markings; drivers must obey the controller.

Arm raised vertically means 'attention': all vehicles must stop except those already in the intersection, which must clear it.

Arms extended forward or to the sides mean vehicles may proceed straight ahead and to the right from the controller's side.

When signals conflict, the order of priority is: controller, traffic signal, priority sign, then general rules.

Before starting or changing lanes, the driver must check mirrors, signal the intention, and yield to vehicles already in the lane.

A lane change must be made without interfering with other road users; the driver changing lanes yields to traffic in the target lane.

Vehicles must be driven as close as practicable to the right edge of the roadway, except when overtaking, turning left, or avoiding obstacles.

On roads with three or more lanes in one direction, the left lanes are for overtaking and faster traffic; slow vehicles keep right.

A U-turn is prohibited at pedestrian crossings, on bridges, in tunnels, and where visibility is limited.

Reversing is prohibited at intersections, pedestrian crossings, and on roads with restricted visibility; a reversing driver must yield to all.

Turning left or right must be executed from the lane nearest the corresponding edge, unless markings show otherwise.

The driver must maintain a lateral clearance of at least 1 m when passing a pedestrian, cyclist, or stationary vehicle.

In built-up areas the default maximum speed is 60 km/h unless signs indicate otherwise.

Outside built-up areas the maximum speed is 90 km/h for cars on ordinary roads and 110 km/h on motorways where posted.

The driver must choose a speed that allows stopping within the visible distance, and must reduce speed in poor visibility, rain, or darkness.

A safe following distance is at least the distance covered in 2 seconds; in rain or on ice, increase to 3-4 seconds.

Towing a trailer reduces the permitted maximum speed; the driver must consult the vehicle's documentation for the limit.

Speed limits are reduced near schools, pedestrian crossings and roadworks; temporary signs override permanent ones.

Driving too slowly without justification is prohibited when it obstructs other traffic and creates a hazard.

A driver approaching a pedestrian crossing or a stopped vehicle at a crossing must slow down and be ready to stop.

Overtaking is prohibited at pedestrian crossings, at intersections (unless on a priority road), on bridges, and where visibility is limited.

Before overtaking, the driver must confirm the lane ahead is clear and that no vehicle is already overtaking them.

Overtaking must be completed without forcing the overtaken vehicle to change speed or direction.

Stopping is prohibited on pedestrian crossings, tram tracks, railway crossings, and within 5 m of a crossing or intersection.

Parking is prohibited where it blocks driveways, bus stops, or within 50 m of a railway crossing.

On a road with a solid centre line, the driver may not cross it to overtake; a broken line permits overtaking when safe.

When two vehicles meet on a narrow road, the driver with the obstacle on their side must yield.

A vehicle stopped for a pedestrian crossing must not be overtaken, as a pedestrian may be hidden in front of it.

At an uncontrolled intersection of equal roads, the driver must yield to vehicles approaching from the right.

A vehicle on a priority road has the right-of-way over vehicles entering from secondary roads.

A driver turning left must yield to oncoming vehicles going straight or turning right.

A driver entering a roundabout must yield to vehicles already circulating, unless signs indicate otherwise.

At a 'Give way' sign, the driver must slow down and yield; at a 'Stop' sign, the driver must come to a full stop.

A vehicle emerging from a driveway, petrol station or adjacent area must yield to all traffic on the road.

When a traffic signal permits movement, the driver still must yield to pedestrians and to vehicles already in the intersection.

A driver must not enter an intersection if traffic beyond it would force them to stop within the intersection area.

At a pedestrian crossing, the driver must yield to pedestrians on the crossing and to those about to step onto it.

Overtaking is prohibited at pedestrian crossings, and stopping or parking on them is prohibited.

Passengers may board and alight only on the side of the vehicle facing the pavement, unless it is safe otherwise.

The driver must ensure passengers are seated and belted before moving off; children must use appropriate restraints.

At a railway crossing, the driver must stop if the barrier is closed or closing, the red light flashes, or the bell sounds.

A driver must not enter a railway crossing unless they can clear it without stopping.

Stopping, parking, overtaking and reversing are prohibited on and near railway crossings.

A driver must slow down and be ready to stop at an unguarded railway crossing with limited visibility.

Dipped headlights must be used at night, in tunnels, in poor visibility, and when towing.

Main beam headlights must be switched to dipped beam when an oncoming vehicle is within 150 m, to avoid dazzling the other driver.

Hazard warning lights must be switched on when the vehicle is stopped due to a fault or accident, or when warning others of a hazard.

A warning triangle must be displayed at least 15 m behind the vehicle in built-up areas and 30 m outside built-up areas.

In fog, rain or snow, the driver must use dipped headlights and may use fog lights; main beam worsens visibility.

On ice or snow, the driver must reduce speed, increase following distance, and avoid sudden braking or steering.

Front fog lights may be used in poor visibility instead of or together with dipped headlights, but not as a substitute for them at night.

The driver must not use main beam in built-up areas where it would dazzle other road users.

A first-aid kit, a warning triangle, and a fire extinguisher are mandatory safety equipment in a vehicle.

For severe bleeding, apply direct pressure with a clean dressing and elevate the limb if possible.

For a suspected spinal injury, do not move the casualty unless there is immediate danger such as fire.

For burns, cool the area with clean water and do not apply oil, ointment, or ice directly.

For a casualty who is not breathing, begin chest compressions at 100-120 per minute and call emergency services.

The vehicle's tyres must have a tread depth of at least 1.6 mm for cars; worn tyres are a defect that prohibits driving.

Brakes, steering, lights, and the windscreen wiper must be in working order; a defective brake or steering system prohibits driving.

The exhaust must not emit excessive smoke, and the windscreen must give a clear view; cracked glass in the driver's field of vision is a defect.